PRIVACY Forum Digest Sunday, 12 February 1995 Volume 04 : Issue 04 Moderated by Lauren Weinstein (lauren@vortex.com) Vortex Technology, Woodland Hills, CA, U.S.A. ===== PRIVACY FORUM ===== The PRIVACY Forum digest is supported in part by the ACM Committee on Computers and Public Policy. CONTENTS HIV blood test results (minya!jc@eddie.mit.edu) Ultra Call-Forwarding used to steal business (Larry Seiler) Anonymous ?? Survey (Dave Moore) Deep Faults with NYNEX default? (Edward P. Ravin) Identification technologies (Phil Agre) More on Mailbox, Etc. wastebaskets (G. Martin) The Philosophy of CallerID (Malcolm Slaney) Special Alert! Unreasonable Network Policing Proposed (Carlos Amezaga) Some thoughts on S.314 (Lauren Weinstein; PRIVACY Forum Moderator) *** Please include a RELEVANT "Subject:" line on all submissions! *** *** Submissions without them may be ignored! *** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Internet PRIVACY Forum is a moderated digest for the discussion and analysis of issues relating to the general topic of privacy (both personal and collective) in the "information age" of the 1990's and beyond. The moderator will choose submissions for inclusion based on their relevance and content. Submissions will not be routinely acknowledged. ALL submissions should be addressed to "privacy@vortex.com" and must have RELEVANT "Subject:" lines; submissions without appropriate and relevant "Subject:" lines may be ignored. Excessive "signatures" on submissions are subject to editing. 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Please follow the instructions above for getting the listserv "help" information, which includes details regarding the "index" and "get" listserv commands, which are used to access the PRIVACY Forum archive. All PRIVACY Forum materials are available through the Internet Gopher system via a gopher server on site "gopher.vortex.com". Access to PRIVACY Forum materials is also available through the Internet World Wide Web (WWW) via the Vortex Technology WWW home page at the URL: "http://www.vortex.com/". ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOLUME 04, ISSUE 04 Quote for the day: "Listen to them: Children of the night. What music they make..." Dracula (Bela Lugosi) "Dracula" (1931) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Sun, 29 Jan 95 22:53 EST From: minya!jc@eddie.mit.edu Subject: HIV blood test results | 1) Once testing (for whatever reason) has revealed that the test subject has | HIV infected blood, should it be required by law that the previous partners | be found, notified (partner tracking) and be required to be tested with | possible further notification and treatment for their partners? (This is | currently required by law for other venereal diseases.) There is a major difference between HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. If a blood test shows that I (may) have syphilis or gonorhea or chlamidia, I don't have any particular worries if it is in the medical records. Everyone (including insurance agencies) will simply encourage me to get treatment (and abstain from sex until I'm cured). However, if the test is positive for HIV, and the news gets out, the treatment I can expect is rather different. If an employer learns of it, I'll almost certainly lose my job, and I may not be able to get another one. If an insurance agency learns of it, they will do everything in their power to terminate any and all insurance policies, and I'll never be able to get another one. Even if the test turns out to have been a false positive, I can still expect such treatment; once a positive test is on my record, there's a good chance it will be there forever after, despite subsequent negative results. The two HIV tests that are currently in use have false positive rates of about 10% and 5%. Even with repeated testing, the false positive rate is on the order of 1%. Even if the rate were only 1/1000, it is too high considering the effect. Why would a sensible person volunteer for a test that has a 1/100 (or even 1/1000) chance of so totally destroying the rest of their life? As for other people's "rights" in this matter, I'd just point out that there is no country in the world where anyone has a "right" to another person's blood. If donating blood means that the results of an HIV test will be put into public records, then the only sensible reaction is to refuse to donate blood. As long as society continues to treat HIV-positive people as pariahs, rather than as victims of a microorganism, we should expect that people will not cooperate with anything that involves such testing. I don't think I'll be donating any more blood until this issue is cleared up. It's just too risky. ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 1 Feb 95 14:12:16 EST From: "Larry Seiler, x223-0588" Subject: Ultra Call-Forwarding used to steal business I read an AP article in last Sunday's paper about how a plumber in Pensynvania used Bell Atlantic's "ultra call-forwarding" service to steal business from at least 5 competitors! He bought the service for his competitor's phones and then at will redirected their calls to himself! He serviced some of the calls he pirated, and blew off others, generating lot of irate "I'll never call you again" calls to his competitors. His actions went undetected for a while because his competitors thought that their sudden drop in business was due to the Christmas holidays. He was finally caught when someone called their regular plumber to thank him for work over the Christmas weekend and he replied that they hadn't done any work over that weekend! The charges against the plumber, Michael Lasch of Levittown PA, are many and interesting: theft by deception, criminal attempt, unlawful use of a computer, criminal trespass, and impersonating an employee. There may be more charges later. He's now in jail in lieu of $50,000 bail and his business owes nearly $200,000 in judgements. Normally I'm opposed to lawsuits, but in this case, I hope there are legal grounds to hit Bell Atlantic with treble damages for all current and future lost business. In effect, they sold Lasch a "master key" to his competitors' telephone communications. Actually, I think someone at the phone company should be criminally charged. We wouldn't let a locksmith get off who sold a "master key service" that allowed someone to unlock five doors of his choice. Why should the phone company be allowed to avoid this act of criminal stupidity? It seems to me that Lasch was only caught because he was greedy. Someone who applied the same scheme in a more delicate fashion could probably go on for a long time without being caught. If instead of stealing business, Lasch had stolen costumer names or alienated (more of) his comeptitors' customers, he might not have been caught. Regards, Larry Seiler [ While a subscriber who had never used nor ordered call-forwarding could not be expected to know this, the clue as to what was going on should have been the many "single-ring, but nobody there" calls the targeted plumber no doubt received. This, the so-called "courtesy ring" is designed to give warning that a call was forwarded. Also, many telcos now mail out an explicit notice when services are changed. Unfortunately, many subscribers routinely throw out everything they receive from the telcos (except, one hopes, the bills...) -- MODERATOR ] ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 31 Jan 95 21:44:00 -0500 From: dave.moore@tcbbs.cais.com (DAVE MOORE) Subject: Anonymous ?? Survey [ From RISKS-FORUM Digest; Volume 16 : Issue 78 -- MODERATOR ] I was recently asked to participate in an opinion survey feedback to management in order for them to compare their own views, superior views, peer views, and subordinate views. This data is then to be used by the reviewee as a self improvement tool. In order to get honest feedback, a commercial P.C. software package called "2020" was used as a survey tool. This package is supposed to protect your anonymity. It also uses a user supplied password on each diskette to prevent anyone reading your responses. The responses are then collected by a master program and combined with everyone else's responses. Only the combined result is seen, individual responses are not ever seen or tracked. At least, that's the theory. Since privacy and encryption have been a long time interest of mine, I decided to take a look at the files. The first thing I saw was that both my name and my reviewee's name were embedded in the data area. The next thing I saw was that free form comments were stored in clear ascii. You lose the formatting, but any file viewer could see the comments. I used a hex editor to change some of the comments then reinvoked the program to see if it would detect the changes. It never noticed a thing. It obviously didn't use a digital signature or even a simple checksum. The cherry on top was the password. It only uses 0-9 & A-Z (uppercase). The password was stored encrypted: down-1 and backward. Thus a password of "simple6" was stored as "5DKOLHR". This took me all of the commercial breaks while watching Star Trek Voyager to find and figure out. The net result was that I chose not to participate in the anonymous feedback survey. dave.moore@tcbbs.cais.com ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 31 Jan 1995 22:42:54 EST From: HFDG63A@prodigy.com (EDWARD P RAVIN) Subject: Deep Faults with NYNEX default? [ From RISKS-FORUM Digest; Volume 16 : Issue 78 -- MODERATOR ] Today I received an interesting letter from NYNEX (nee NY Telephone, the local telephone service provider in NY City): Our records indicate that you requested All-Call Restrict Service on your telephone line... During a recent system check, we discovered that All-Call Restrict Service was not in place on some lines which it had been requested. We are in the process of checking every All-Call Restrict line and correcting this problem where it exists. As soon as we complete the checking and correction process, we will confirm the status of All-Call Restrict on your line through a special notification. In other words, you might have thought you had Caller-ID disabled when you make calls from your line, because you ordered it and NYNEX sent you a confirmation notice six or seven months ago, but unless you independently verified that it was in place, you might have been sending your number all this time. I can tell whether my line is sending caller-ID because I can call a friend with a display and ask him. But as usual, there is no way the local telco can tell you what your lines settings are. Call the billing office, and they will describe what you have ordered and what was reported to have been installed, but what is actually on the line? It would be nice if you could dial a number and have a voice robot read back to you the settings actually in place -- surely this is possible with today's digital exchanges, if anyone thought to implement it. Given how many different settings you can have with today's phone lines in the USA (call forwarding, speed dialing, send or don't send Caller ID, choice of long distance carrier, etc), we already need it. [ Other reports indicated that between perhaps 10-15% of the persons who thought they had the ID blocking service in reality did not have it--potentially more than 80,000 subscribers. There are already reports of threats being received by persons in sensitive occupations who unwittingly divulged their numbers to persons they called. Nynex also reportedly spent weeks telling persons who thought there was a problem that nothing was wrong. One person who was unable to get Nynex to admit the problem finally went to the press, and shortly thereafter the news of the breakdown was admitted by Nynex. -- PRIVACY Forum MODERATOR ] ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 1 Feb 1995 20:39:50 -0800 From: Phil Agre Subject: Identification technologies [ From RISKS-FORUM Digest; Volume 16 : Issue 78 -- MODERATOR ] The journal "Information Technology and People" has just published a special issue, edited by Roger Clarke entitled "Identification Technologies and Their Implications for People". As the title suggests, it's about computer technologies that identify particular human beings, as well as applications of those technologies to automated tracking of highway traffic. Here are the contents: Roger Clarke "Human Identification in Information Systems: Management Challenges and Public Policy Issues" Simon Davies "Touching Big Brother: How Biometric Technology Will Fuse Flesh and Machine" Marcus Wigan "The Influence of Public Acceptance on the Realisability of the Potential Benefits of Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems" Philip E. Agre and Christine A. Harbs "Social Choice About Privacy: Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems in the United States" Full details on the issue, including abstracts for the papers, are available on the web at: http://weber.ucsd.edu/~pagre/identification.html Or through e-mail by sending a message that looks like this: To: rre-request@weber.ucsd.edu Subject: archive send identification Phil Agre, UCSD ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 2 Feb 1995 20:23:45 -0500 (EST) From: G Martin Subject: More on Mailbox, Etc. wastebaskets I went back into our local Mailbox, Etc. to run more photocopies. I noticed that they had not placed a sign above the wastebasket or put a shredder on it. If you'll recall, I found a document in their wastebasket the previous time I was in there that contained a wealth of sensitive, personal information. I told the management about it, and Imailed it to the person who had left it there. When I originally discussed it with management I made it clear to them that I did NOT consider this to be THEIR fault. I suggested that they post a note above the wastebasket reminding customers that confidential info can be retrieved from a wastebasket, or to place an inexpensive shredder on the wastebasket. I told them that this would be a very customer sensitive thing to do, and that it might earn them big brownie points with their customers. They were resistant the first time, and positively hostile when I asked them whey they had ultimately decided not to do anything about it (yesterday when I went back in). The two employees who I talked to said repeatedly, "it's not our responsibility". And I repeatedly said I agree. I never said it was your responsibility. What I did say is that your doing something over and above what people would expect was a customer sensitive thing to do. One woman then said that we've been her six years and nobody's ever complained that information about them was stolen from our wastebaskets. I told her that more likely than not, when information is stolen from a wastebasket, the victim is clueless as to how the bad guy got it. It's highly unlikely that they'd figure out it came from Mailbox Etc. wastebasket, and that's why nobody would complain. I told them I wonder how many tax forms have been removed from their wastebaskets in the months of January - April each year. I might as well have been talking to robot that was programmed only to say, "It's not our responsibility"....... It never ceases to amaze me how often businesses miss such great opportunities to do little things like this for their customers that could really impress them. Maybe someday they'll get sued over something like this and finally take it seriously. And it amazes me even more how careless people can be with such sensitive data about themselves. I don't know if any of you who subscribe to this mailing list have experienced this, but I find myself getting treated like I'm some kind of a nut when I discuss a privacy or security concern. Most people seem to think you're just being paranoid. And most people seem to want to just bury their heads in the sand and pretend that there's no risk. Gary Martin gmartin@FREENET.COLUMBUS.OH.US ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 7 Feb 1995 19:35:53 +0000 From: malcolm@interval.com (Malcolm Slaney) Subject: The Philosophy of CallerID The article listed below (with abstract) does an incredibly good job of discussing the issues in CallerID and Anonymous call-rejection. The article's primary purpose is to define four types of privacy and how they relate to CallerID: Anonyminity - public place but no ID Solitude - Dont be disturbed Reserve - Mental distance Intimacy - Screening To make the issue more interesting, who wins and loses depends on who has access to the technology. This article should be required reading for anybody who wants to enter into the debate. I think the definitions and framework are a valuable starting point. -- Malcolm Caller ID and the Meaning of Privacy Laurie Thomas Lee (Univ of Nebraska-Lincoln) Robert LaRose (Michigan State) The Information Society, Volume 1, pp 247-265, 1994. Caller ID service continues to be controversial issue in the U.S. because of its privacy implications. State and federal regulators, legislaters, scholars, and the courts have examined and responded to the privacy issue from a policy perspective, but perhaps without a complete understanding of the meaning of privacy in the context of the debate. What types of privacy are involved, how signifiant are these interests, and how might privacy needs compare and be balanced? This article explores privacy in the context of the Caller ID debate from a social science perspective. It examines motives for seeking and preserving privacy and explores the dynamic relationship between the caller and the called party positions. It then provides an analysis of current and proposed Caller ID features and policies with a view towards understanding how these proposals balance competing privacy needs. This article establishes an analytic framework and a foundation for further study of caller and called party privacy that should lead to a better understanding of the privacy debate and the privacy implications of Caller ID. ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 07 Feb 1995 20:57:00 EST From: overlord@megalith.miami.fl.us (Carlos Amezaga) Subject: Special Alert! Unreasonable Network Policing Proposed -> EMA ALERT <- News For and About the Members of the ELECTRONIC MESSAGING ASSOCIATION February 3, 1995 -- Number 18 ***** SPECIAL ALERT ***** - Congress to consider making all system operators liable for messaging content. Bill would force employers to monitor message content. ACTION NEEDED NOW! UNREASONABLE NETWORK POLICING PROPOSED Yesterday, Senator Jim Exon (D-NE) introduced S.314, the Communications Decency Act of 1995, in the United States Senate. In an effort to stamp out digital pornography, it makes all telecommunications providers doing business in the United States (from the telephone companies all the way down to offices that use LANs) liable for the content of anything sent over their networks. To avoid the possibility of tens of thousands of dollars in fines and up to two years in jail, business owners would be forced to police their networks and monitor in advance all messages sent over them. WITHOUT ACTION - COULD BE LAW IN MONTHS This bill is substantially the same as the one he put forward last year. He will offer it as an amendment to the pending telecommunications deregulation legislation in the U.S. Senate, which is expected to be enacted by July. Last year, his amendment was adopted even though many thought it hastily drafted and poorly thought out. Fortunately, the telecommunications deregulation legislation died. This year, a more conservative U.S. Congress may be even more reluctant to challenge a "morality" amendment; and its legislative vehicle, the telecommunications deregulation legislation, stands a much better chance of passage this year. ACTION NEEDED NOW Action by the business community is needed now. Please notify your corporate government affairs office and/or your legal counsel. This measure could be adopted as an amendment to the telecommunications bill IN A MATTER OF WEEKS (or potentially added to any legislation pending on the U.S. Senate floor), if business does not mobilize against it. S.314 will not stop digital pornography, but it could devastate the messaging business. If you are interested in further information or are able to participate in lobbying efforts over the next few weeks, contact Sarah Reardon at EMA (see below). --------------------------------------- EMA ALERT is published and copyrighted (1995) by the Electronic Messaging Association. Permission to reproduce and/or redistribute with attribution is hereby given to all EMA members. For more information about anything in EMA ALERT, contact EMA via e-mail - use either X.400 (S=info; O=ema; A=mci; C=us) or Internet (info@ema.org) address, facsimile (1-703-524-5558), or telephone (1-703-524-5550). Any EMA staff member can be addressed directly via e-mail by using, for X.400, G=; S=; O=ema; A=mci; C=us, and, for Internet, @ema.org. EMA's postal address is 1655 N. Fort Myer Dr. #850, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. -- ------------------------------ Date: Sun, 12 Feb 95 11:48 PST From: lauren@vortex.com (Lauren Weinstein; PRIVACY Forum Moderator) Subject: Some thoughts on S.314 Greetings. The previous message expresses (possibly well-founded) alarm at Senate Bill S.314. However, the bill contains a number of provisions that could be subject to varying interpretations, so I thought it would be worthwhile if we could spend a bit of time on the details of the bill itself. I've included the entire text (it's not very long) at the end of this message. Since the bill is written mainly as modifications to the 1934 Communications Act, it would be useful to refer back to that Act for reference, but I think the salient points should still be clear. The part of S.314 that appears to be causing the most alarm in the network community is actually fairly simple--it seems to simply extend the prohibitions against obscene/harrassing communications from the telephone to the broader category of "telecommunications devices", presumably to bring email and similar communications under its jurisdiction. On the face of it, this seems quite sensible--there is no obvious reason why someone should be able to conduct the same sorts of harrassments via, for example, email, that are prohibited as a phone call. Some problems come up, however, in the interpretation of this prohibition. There are a number of points to consider: -- Is the prohibition meant to apply strictly to obscene/harrassing communications? Would materials openly discussed in some of the more controversial network newsgroups fall under the prohibition, even though they are not harrassing in nature? What definition of obscenity would be used? How does the nature of the audience (for messages being sent to a group, rather than an individual) enter into the mix? -- Is the prohibition truly to be interpreted as making the service providers responsible for the messages sent by their subscribers or users? Would services be responsible for helping to track down offenders when violating messages were sent from their systems, or are they also expected to take steps to prevent such messages from being sent in the first place? The latter would imply the need for active message monitoring, which would be in direct conflict with other existing laws, regulations, and rulings. What would happen in the case of systems providing anonymous access? Should such anonymous accounts be usable as a shield for harrassing communications without any form of control? If not, how can they be controlled? How does this compare with the use of payphones for making obscene calls and telephone company responsibilities in such cases? Is there a reasonable middle ground that can be found? -- What impact, if any, would there be on intermediate sites carrying such communications? -- How would email service providers' responsibilities differ from those of telephone common carriers? Would common carriers offering email services have a different level of responsibility? It's worth noting that in general, common carriers are pretty well protected from responsibility for materials sent over their systems (there have, however, been a number of exceptions to this, pretty rare and sometimes bizarre but present nonetheless). It's also important to note that many email service providers, though they may believe they are operating as "common carriers", may not fit the strict legal definition of common carrier. Until there is case law addressing such situations, there's no way to know how they might fare in these sorts of situations. There are other interesting aspects to S.314 as well. One facet that seems particularly questionable is the lumping together of nudity, indecency, and obscenity into one category for certain decision-making purposes. U.S. Supreme Court decisions have clearly drawn separations between these categories--trying to clump them back together again may well be subject to reversal. It's hard enough trying to pin down the definition of obscenity. There have been conflicting court decisions on how "community standards" should or can affect national publications and national broadcasters. And finally, there are aspects of S.314 that could have significant financial effects as well. The clause requiring the scrambling or blocking of *both* video and audio of cable services not meant for children could require the wholesale replacement of the set-top boxes used by many cable systems, since many systems currently only scramble video and not audio, leaving the audio accessible to those with cable-ready televisions capable of tuning the appropriate channels. At a time when Congress is looking at already repealing the hardly dry cable industry re-regulation rules, some more big cable rate increases could be in the near future. Overall, S.314 seems to have some valid ideas, but like so much of the legislation (much of it highly "ideological" in nature) now flowing through the pipe, the details and effects would seem to need a good deal more thought and/or elaboration. Whether we're talking about telecommunications law or a balanced budget, the devil is in the details. To push through laws just so that the folks back home can be told that "something was done", and leaving the details to be thrashed out in the future with unknown impacts, does not seem like the best way to proceed. --Lauren-- ------------------------------------------- S 314 IS 104th CONGRESS 1st Session To protect the public from the misuse of the telecommunications network and telecommunications devices and facilities. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES February 1 (legislative day, January 30), 1995 Mr. Exon (for himself and Mr. Gorton) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation A BILL To protect the public from the misuse of the telecommunications network and telecommunications devices and facilities. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the `Communications Decency Act of 1995'. SEC. 2. OBSCENE OR HARASSING USE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS FACILITIES UNDER THE COMMUNICATIONS ACT OF 1934. (a) Offenses: Section 223 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 223) is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)(1)-- (A) by striking out `telephone' in the matter above subparagraph (A) and inserting `telecommunications device'; (B) by striking out `makes any comment, request, suggestion, or proposal' in subparagraph (A) and inserting `makes, transmits, or otherwise makes available any comment, request, suggestion, proposal, image, or other communication'; (C) by striking out subparagraph (B) and inserting the following: `(B) makes a telephone call or utilizes a telecommunications device, whether or not conversation or communications ensues, without disclosing his identity and with intent to annoy, abuse, threaten, or harass any person at the called number or who receives the communication;' and (D) by striking out subparagraph (D) and inserting the following: `(D) makes repeated telephone calls or repeatedly initiates communication with a telecommunications device, during which conversation or communication ensues, solely to harass any person at the called number or who receives the communication; or'; (2) in subsection (a)(2), by striking `telephone facility' and inserting `telecommunications facility'; (3) in subsection (b)(1)-- (A) in subparagraph (A)-- (i) by striking `telephone' and inserting `telecommunications device'; and (ii) inserting `or initiated the communication' and `placed the call', and (B) in subparagraph (B), by striking `telephone facility' and inserting `telecommunications facility'; and (4) in subsection (b)(2)-- (A) in subparagraph (A)-- (i) by striking `by means of telephone, makes' and inserting `by means of telephone or telecommunications device, makes, knowingly transmits, or knowingly makes available'; and (ii) by inserting `or initiated the communication' after `placed the call'; and (B) in subparagraph (B), by striking `telephone facility' and inserting in lieu thereof `telecommunications facility'. (b) Penalties: Section 223 of such Act (47 U.S.C. 223) is amended-- (1) by striking out `$50,000' each place it appears and inserting `$100,000'; and (2) by striking `six months' each place it appears and inserting `2 years'. (c) Prohibition on Provision of Access: Subsection (c)(1) of such section (47 U.S.C. 223(c)) is amended by striking `telephone' and inserting `telecommunications device.' (d) Conforming Amendment: The section heading for such section is amended to read as follows: `obscene or harassing utilization of telecommunications devices and facilities in the district of columbia or in interstate or foreign communications'. SEC. 3. OBSCENE PROGRAMMING ON CABLE TELEVISION. Section 639 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 559) is amended by striking `$10,000' and inserting `$100,000'. SEC. 4. BROADCASTING OBSCENE LANGUAGE ON RADIO. Section 1464 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking out `$10,000' and inserting `$100,000'. SEC. 5. INTERCEPTION AND DISCLOSURE OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS. Section 2511 of title 18, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in paragraph (1)-- (A) by striking `wire, oral, or electronic communication' each place it appears and inserting `wire, oral, electronic, or digital communication', and (B) in the matter designated as `(b)', by striking `oral communication' in the matter above clause (i) and inserting `communication'; and (2) in paragraph (2)(a), by striking `wire or electronic communication service' each place it appears (other than in the second sentence) and inserting `wire, electronic, or digital communication service'. SEC. 6. ADDITIONAL PROHIBITION ON BILLING FOR TOLL-FREE TELEPHONE CALLS. Section 228(c)(6) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 228(c)(6)) is amended-- (1) by striking `or' at the end of subparagraph (C); (2) by striking the period at the end of subparagraph (D) and inserting a semicolon and `or'; and (3) by adding at the end thereof the following: `(E) the calling party being assessed, by virtue of being asked to connect or otherwise transfer to a pay-per-call service, a charge for the call.'. SEC. 7. SCRAMBLING OF CABLE CHANNELS FOR NONSUBSCRIBERS. Part IV of title VI of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 551 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: `SEC. 640. SCRAMBLING OF CABLE CHANNELS FOR NONSUBSCRIBERS. `(a) Requirement: In providing video programming unsuitable for children to any subscriber through a cable system, a cable operator shall fully scramble or otherwise fully block the video and audio portion of each channel carrying such programming so that one not a subscriber does not receive it. `(b) Definition: As used in this section, the term `scramble' means to rearrange the content of the signal of the programming so that the programming cannot be received by persons unauthorized to receive the programming.'. SEC. 8. CABLE OPERATOR REFUSAL TO CARRY CERTAIN PROGRAMS. (a) Public, Educational, and Governmental Channels: Section 611(e) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 531(e)) is amended by inserting before the period the following: `, except a cable operator may refuse to transmit any public access program or portion of a public access program which contains obscenity, indecency, or nudity'. (b) Cable Channels for Commercial Use: Section 612(c)(2) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 532(c)(2)) is amended by striking `an operator' and inserting `a cable operator may refuse to transmit any leased access program or portion of a leased access program which contains obscenity, indecency, or nudity. ------------------------------ End of PRIVACY Forum Digest 04.04 ************************