From wang!elf.wang.com!ucsd.edu!info-hams-relay Mon Apr 22 20:57:12 1991 remote from tosspot Received: by tosspot (1.64/waf) via UUCP; Mon, 22 Apr 91 20:29:43 EST for lee Received: from somewhere by elf.wang.com id aa10296; Mon, 22 Apr 91 20:57:11 GMT Received: from ucsd.edu by relay1.UU.NET with SMTP (5.61/UUNET-shadow-mx) id AA17382; Mon, 22 Apr 91 16:09:55 -0400 Received: by ucsd.edu; id AA27419 sendmail 5.64/UCSD-2.1-sun Mon, 22 Apr 91 11:16:34 -0700 for nixbur!schroeder.pad Received: by ucsd.edu; id AA27383 sendmail 5.64/UCSD-2.1-sun Mon, 22 Apr 91 11:16:14 -0700 for /usr/lib/sendmail -oc -odb -oQ/var/spool/lqueue -oi -finfo-hams-relay info-hams-list Message-Id: <9104221816.AA27383@ucsd.edu> Date: Mon, 22 Apr 91 11:16:11 PDT From: Info-Hams Mailing List and Newsgroup Reply-To: Info-Hams@ucsd.edu Subject: Info-Hams Digest V91 #311 To: Info-Hams@ucsd.edu Info-Hams Digest Mon, 22 Apr 91 Volume 91 : Issue 311 Today's Topics: 2m amp info WANTED Deerfield hamfest dates? F connectors Graduate School Inquiry High(?) Speed CW NCARC Superfest New to Newsgroup No-code catching on RACES RACES Bulletin # 166 Range of cordless phones Re: Antenna Matching Gedanken Experiment (2 msgs) RF exposure - how much is too much? RF exposure question. Send Replies or notes for publication to: Send subscription requests to: Problems you can't solve otherwise to brian@ucsd.edu. Archives of past issues of the Info-Hams Digest are available (by FTP only) from UCSD.Edu in directory "mailarchives/info-hams". We trust that readers are intelligent enough to realize that all text herein consists of personal comments and does not represent the official policies or positions of any party. Your mileage may vary. So there. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: 22 Apr 91 15:13:23 GMT From: news-mail-gateway@ucsd.edu Subject: 2m amp info WANTED To: info-hams@ucsd.edu I am looking for a used 2m FM amp, for a friend. I am not familiar with 2m amps and need some advice on how much to spend and what type to buy. The unit does not have to have a preamp and SSB capability would be OK. Any information or offers would be helpful. The unit must be in good working order, with manual. John H. Anderson N5OPY anderson@skvax1.csc.ti.com ------------------------------ Date: 22 Apr 91 17:29:56 GMT From: brunix!doorknob!pgh@uunet.uu.net Subject: Deerfield hamfest dates? To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Can anyone tell me when the Deerfield NH hamfest is this year? I've heard conflicting reports of first weekend in May and first weekend in June. Thanks, Paul KA1YNE -- ============================================================= Paul G. Howard email: pgh@cs.brown.edu Department of Computer Science phone: (401) 863-7672 Brown University FAX: (401) 863-7657 Providence RI 02912-1910 ham: KA1YNE ------------------------------ Date: 22 Apr 91 14:23:08 GMT From: sdd.hp.com!wuarchive!rex!ukma!s.ms.uky.edu!andreap@ucsd.edu Subject: F connectors To: info-hams@ucsd.edu koning@koning.enet.dec.com (Paul Koning) writes: [Stuff Deleted] >Apart from that, they are a mechanical disaster. I hate UHF connectors, but >they are wonders of engineering compared to F. As far as I can see, the >only reason F connectors exist is because they are far cheaper than >anything else. F Connectors do have two advantages over UHF, however. F Connectors are rated for outside use (meaning they are considered weatherproof). F Connectors also have a specific impedance; UHF connectors do not. Overall, I agree with the other comments. I don't prefer to use them. [Other stuff deleted] --------------- Harold G. Peach, Jr. Internet: hgpeach@ca.uky.edu 252 Ag. Engineering Bldg., U.Ky. Packet Radio: N4FLZ@KF4NB.KY.USA.NA Lexington, KY 40546-0276 Phone: (606) 257-3335 ------------------------------ Date: 22 Apr 91 17:01:54 GMT From: ENUXHA.EAS.ASU.EDU!crawford@ucbvax.berkeley.edu Subject: Graduate School Inquiry To: info-hams@ucsd.edu This question is to any EE faculty in the audience. Having just completed my BSEE here, would really like to write a master's thesis in the area of television standards conversion, transmission, or propogation (analog and digital standards). Inquiries to faculty here and many other institutions have found only European and Asian schools pursuing this. Here in North America, there seem to be no schools engaged in this- only a handful of companies and think tanks. If there are any schools anyone knows of in North America for this, please notify me ASAP. MIT and Stanford seem relished in raster graphics research, but no television directly from what I've been able to find out. Comments appreciated. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Brian Crawford INTERNET (current): crawford@enuxha.eas.asu.edu PO Box 804 (permanent): crawford@stjhmc.fidonet.org Tempe, Arizona 85280 FidoNet: 1:114/15.12 USA Amateur: KL7JDQ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Date: 22 Apr 91 04:41:50 GMT From: pacbell.com!att!linac!uwm.edu!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!swrinde!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!turnkey!qed!tim@ucsd.edu Subject: High(?) Speed CW To: info-hams@ucsd.edu ron@hpfcso.FC.HP.COM (Ron Miller) writes: > Re: High speed CW > > Why write it? > > Put your pencil down, relax, and listen to the QSO. Practice that. > You don't write down SSB conversations, do you? > > I'm pretty solid on 30 WPM from W1AW and working on 35. No writing. No > reason to. > Besides, weren't computers invented for just this purpose (fulfilling simple, mindless tasks)? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tim Capps | tim@qed.tcc.com | Always, wait, never... no, always QED Software | The QED BBS (213)436-8834 | keep a litter bag in your car... ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Date: 20 Apr 91 18:04:41 GMT From: hpfcso!hpfcdc!ajs@hplabs.hpl.hp.com Subject: NCARC Superfest To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Northern Colorado Amateur Radio Club presents * SUPERFEST XIII * HAMFEST AND COMPUTER FAIR Prizes Saturday, June 8, 1991 Prizes Prizes Doors open 8:00 A.M. Prizes Prizes Prizes Admission $3.00 Larimer County Fairgrounds Loveland, Colorado (*) Commercial exhibits and dealers VE Exams Wheelchair accessible Plenty of space ARRL Forum Setup available Friday night for commercial exhibitors Overnight security provided Doors open 6 a.m. Saturday for table setup Talkins on 145.115(-) and 146.520 $7.00 per table (includes one admission) RV hookups available -- $7.00/day For more information contact Kent Douglass, KA0TTY (303) 686-9594 (residence) (303) 229-3156 (office) kent@hpfcla.hp.com For table reservations contact Orlin Jenkins, K0OJ (303) 353-7094 VE Exam info and registration contact Rick Hubbard, WA0DDC (303) 353-3577 (*) 45 miles north of Denver; I25 exit 255 to Col 402 west. ------------------------------ Date: 22 Apr 91 17:46:13 GMT From: news-mail-gateway@ucsd.edu Subject: New to Newsgroup To: info-hams@ucsd.edu X-Queued-By: westinghouse Dialcom $Revision: 2.0 $ X-CMR-Spool-Date: Mon, 22 Apr 91 10:44:44 PDT To: INTERMAIL (WYY005) From: HANNA.J.R (WTX1464) Delivered: Mon 22-Apr-91 7:48 EDT Sys 1038 (21) Subject: WEMS/INTERMAIL MESSAGE Mail Id: IPM-1038-910422-070270978 I am new to the newsgroup here, but am also a new internet user. I had a heck of a time getting "signed up" into info-hams, and I would also like to get on to Packet-radio, hence a couple questions. Does anyone have the newest info on how to sign up for the newsgroups? I am also interested in shortwave listening, and being a Packet BBS SYSOP, I am interested in most ham radio subjects. Anyone care to give me advice as to any other groups I might be interested in, and how to join them ? Thanks for the help !! Dick Packet: K3VYY@K3VYY.#SEKY.KY Internet: HANNA.J.R%westinghouse@intermail.isi.edu .end ------------------------------ Date: 22 Apr 91 15:25:04 GMT From: sdd.hp.com!caen!kuhub.cc.ukans.edu!heacock@ucsd.edu Subject: No-code catching on To: info-hams@ucsd.edu It appears that the no-code Technician class is catching on in Kansas City, at least. I went to a testing session on Saturday (4/20) where there were about 30 people being tested--about 20 of them were taking the Technician test (me included) and of those 20, 18 were going for the no-code Tech. The two exceptions were a teenager, upgrading from Novice, and me (I was the only one who took the 5 wpm test). There was only one other person in the whole group who took a code test--he was upgrading to General. There was a little good-natured joking from a few "upper-classmen" about the "Tech Lite" class, but in general, the no-code Tech applicants were warmly welcomed into the amateur radio community. I checked out a Technician class study guide from the local public library, but my primary study tools were the HyperCard ham stacks for the Macintosh from Diana Syriac (thanks, Diana). For code practice, I listened to CW QSO's in the Novice/Tech bands on my Sangean 803A shortwave receiver, and also the W1AW slow-code sessions on various frequencies. The tests (written and code) were easier than I had anticipated, particularly the code test. Thanks to all of you who have been answering my questions over the last few months. Now I'm eagerly awaiting mail from the FCC :-) +===========================================+============================+ | Doug Heacock, Academic Computing Services | heacock@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu | | The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS | heacock@ukanvax.bitnet | +===========================================+============================+ ------------------------------ Date: 22 Apr 91 15:25:28 GMT From: swrinde!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!caen!ox.com!emory!ducvax.auburn.edu!eng.auburn.edu!bh@ucsd.edu Subject: RACES To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Could somebody send me some information on RACES such as what speicifcally they do (I know generally, but not specifics), how you get involved, etc. E-mail is fine. Thanks in advance. Brian Hartsfield bh@eng.auburn.edu ------------------------------ Date: 22 Apr 91 14:24:51 GMT From: news-mail-gateway@ucsd.edu Subject: RACES Bulletin # 166 To: info-hams@ucsd.edu ------------------------------ Date: 22 Apr 91 13:05:14 GMT From: swrinde!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!pacific.mps.ohio-state.edu!linac!att!cbnewse!parnass@ucsd.edu Subject: Range of cordless phones To: info-hams@ucsd.edu In article <1991Apr19.201434.16434@uvm.edu>, gdavis@emily.uvm.edu (Damned Yankee) writes: > ... Has anyone else ever tried to DX (hi hi) cordless phones. > I'm interested in knowing how far you have been able to DX this low > power service. Here is a reprint of an article I published in the October 1986 issue of "The Radio Enthusiast." NEW CORDLESS PHONE DX RECORD SET? by Bob Parnass, AJ9S If you use a cordless telephone, you may be overheard by people 1000 miles away. So says Jack Albert, a radio hobby- ist in New Lenox, Illinois. Albert was watching TV channel 2 the evening of June 23, 1985 when he noticed another TV signal competing with the local Chicago station. Suspecting a "band opening", a natural phenomenon in which radio signals "skip" off the ionosphere, permitting reception of signals from extraordi- nary distances, Albert turned on his 6 meter ham radio receiver and found that conditions favored reception of sig- nals from North Carolina. Retuning his receiver to frequencies adjacent to the ham band, Albert's attention was drawn to two people conversing amidst the clamor of several other cordless phone conversa- tions. Certain that the parties were in North Carolina, Albert stated that both parties had "North Carolina accents" and that the slow fading pattern on the cordless phone sig- nals matched that on the ham signals from the same state. Albert regularly uses his 25 year old "Clegg Interceptor" receiver, connected to a 5 element beam antenna on a 45 foot tower, to monitor radio signals from his home station WA9FVP. Radio hobbyists report that reception of cordless phone conversations from distances of one to two miles is common, but this may set the distance record in reception of these signals. -- ============================================================================ Bob Parnass, AJ9S - AT&T Bell Laboratories - att!ihlpy!parnass (708)979-5414 ------------------------------ Date: 18 Apr 91 09:16:34 GMT From: hpda!hpcuhb!hpsqf!hpqmola!hpqmolb!dstock@hplabs.hpl.hp.com Subject: Re: Antenna Matching Gedanken Experiment To: info-hams@ucsd.edu iury43o98iuowoprjufm# dstock ------------------------------ Date: 18 Apr 91 10:33:56 GMT From: hpda!hpcuhb!hpsqf!hpqmola!hpqmolb!dstock@hplabs.hpl.hp.com Subject: Re: Antenna Matching Gedanken Experiment To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Sorry about that last garbage, I'm comfortable with transmission lines, but not with this editor.... I've always found it easier to put transmission line problems in terms of a very short pulsed transmission and a long line. A transmitter usually has an output Z which is NOT matched to the line Let's think in terms of 50 Ohm systems as most people find this easiest. Our transmitter is keyed for a period shorter than the time taken to traverse the line. The transmitter cannot see any effects due to the load at the end of the line as there has not been sufficient time for any signal to make the round trip before the Tx unkeys. For this period of time, the signals on the line are purely a function of the line itself and of the drive from the transmitter. The line presented the Tx with a Z of 50 Ohms, resistive. The power flow into the line was identical to what our Tx would put into a 50 ohm resistor connected directly across the Tx output. This is real power, it (plus transmitter efficiency losses) was measured on our electricity meter. There is a pair of moving waves going down the line, one current wave and one voltage wave. they are in phase (ie. + peaks coincide in time and position) There is a defined ratio of their amplitudes of 50 volts per amp. This pair of waves are presented to the load. if the load is matched, ie 50 ohms resistive, then they are an ideal fit, the maximum power transfer theorem allows all available power to pass into the load and out of our ken. If the load is a mismatch, the apparant true 50 Ohm source presented by the line will not couple all the available power into the load. the actual power taken may be calculated easily. The real fun comes when we consider the discrepancy between the available power and the power taken. It is easy to see that it does not pass into the load. the only alternative is to travel back up the line to the transmitter. The reflected waves will not be in phase if the load had a reactive component. When these waves (voltage and current) reach the Tx, the output Z of the Tx will look like another load (usually mis-matched). some of the signal passes into the Tx where it is dissipated, the rest returns down the line. Te voltage and current components phase having been further influenced by the Tx's output Z. This signal again reaches the load. Some is passed on, some is reflected back to the Tx once more. We have a hall of mirrors ! A continuous transmission can be considered as the superposition of a continuous series of abutting, phase-coherent pulses. After a time, the components travelling the line will be like a formula-1 race with some cars on their n-th, (n+1)th, (n+2)th laps all on the circuit simultaneously (all at the same speed, though :-)) The multiple signals in both directions will have phase shifts due to their experiences, Load and Tx impedences, the time taken to traverse the lina and the number of "laps" each has done. This is an infinite series,but is soluble. tha trivial case is of total power into a matched load. Another simple case is of total reflection from a short or open (180 degree phase difference) load. The mis matched cases, do not cause the Tx output power to dissipate in the TX as the voltages and currents presented to the Tx will displace some of the drive from the Tx. What usually damages a transmitter is that although the power flow is mild, high voltage/low current and high current/low voltage conditions can occur depending on the phase shifts involved. Our pricy final transistors die of over voltage or over current, not over power. Real power is taken from the mains, does flow down the line to a mis- matched antenna. the reflections then cause a reduction of power consumption. we cannot ignore the velocity of light or the conservation of energy. Total reflection gives us a classical transmission line resonator. It takes real time and energy to build up oscillations,maintening them means just making up for losses. The effctive Q gives us magnification of voltage and current, so for low output power we can have destructive voltages/currents. Apologies for length, I'm not able to phrase it better. GM4ZNX ------------------------------ Date: 22 Apr 91 15:47:39 GMT From: usc!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!bronze!bronze.ucs.indiana.edu!stigall@ucsd.edu Subject: RF exposure - how much is too much? To: info-hams@ucsd.edu With all the recent talk about RF exposure, does anyone have a feel for how much RF is too much for long term exposure at 525 MHz? What I have been working on is consulting for a family that lives under a channel 23 T.V. station. Measured signal strength is +50 to +60 dBmv (+60 is 1 volt) in and around the house and property. This was measured using a folded dipole cut to frequency, on a Wavetek SAM I meter. Thanks. -- John Stigall - Indiana University Computing Services Network | Waiting for 750 N. State Rd. 46 Bypass, Bloomington, Indiana 47405 | Amateur Radio (812)855-9255 stigall@ucs.indiana.edu | Callsign... ------------------------------ Date: 22 Apr 91 17:53:09 GMT From: sdd.hp.com!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!bronze!bronze.ucs.indiana.edu!stigall@ucsd.edu Subject: RF exposure question. To: info-hams@ucsd.edu With all the recent talk about RF exposure, does anyone have a feel for how much RF is too much for long term exposure at 525 MHz? What I have been working on is consulting for a family that lives under a channel 23 T.V. station. Measured signal strength is +50 to +60 dBmv (+60 is 1 volt) in and around the house and property. This was measured using a folded dipole cut to frequency, on a Wavetek SAM I meter. Thanks. -- John Stigall - Indiana University Computing Services Network | Waiting for 750 N. State Rd. 46 Bypass, Bloomington, Indiana 47405 | Amateur Radio (812)855-9255 stigall@ucs.indiana.edu | Callsign... ------------------------------ Date: 22 Apr 91 15:36:22 GMT From: swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!csc.ti.com!ti-csl!tilde.csc.ti.com!axis!sqa.dsg.ti.com!edh@ucsd.edu To: info-hams@ucsd.edu References <3192@ksr.com>, <3287@borg.cs.unc.edu>, <4458@ryn.mro4.dec.com> Subject : Re: No-Code Testing - Who is to adm. In article <4458@ryn.mro4.dec.com> taber@ultnix.enet.dec.com (Patrick St. Joseph Teahan Taber) writes: > >It's true that it says that in the rules, but neither of the National >VECs accept VEs unless they are Extra class. I don't know about the >smaller VECs, but I've heard that nobody accredits Advanced or General >VEs. There's no shortage of examiners and the headaches of mixed-class >VEs aren't worth it. > Patrick St. Joseph Teahan Taber, KC1TD Just goes to show you can't trust everything you hear :-) i.e. Facts are SO much nicer than rumor! a)My wife, KI5EV, is an Advanced class VE b)she is accredited with both W5YI and ARRL (and no-one "smaller") c)the local clubs here do not consider this a "headache" d)there have been times when a session was cancelled due to lack of availability of a VE - this shortage is one reason why Dawn went to the trouble of registering AND giving extra time and trouble to study and KNOW the rules and regulations e)the local test coordinators certainly believe it was "worth it" It is true that currently generals cannot become accredited VEs. They can (and do) adminster Novice tests (but cannot issue a CSCE for partial completion of the requirements). Patrick, no flame intended, but where did you get your information that neither National VEC accredits Advanced Class VEs? W5YI distributes the requirements as spelled out in the FCC Rules and Regulations and certainly ABIDES by them. The same goes for the ARRL (see the May issue of QST for a nicely done spread encouraging more folks to become VEs - notice the two blocks to check: Advanced or Extra). Neither of these groups would be worthy of being VECs if they acknowledged the rules and then went on to do what they wanted to instead! -- Ed Humphries Texas Instruments, Inc. 512-250-6894 N5RCK Internet ed.humphries@hub.dsg.ti.com -. ..... .-. -.-. -.- Packet N5RCK@NA4M ------------------------------ Date: 22 Apr 91 14:22:47 GMT From: usc!cs.utexas.edu!csc.ti.com!ti-csl!tilde.csc.ti.com!axis!sqa.dsg.ti.com!edh@ucsd.edu To: info-hams@ucsd.edu References <9104180535.AA22655@ucsd.edu>, <3192@ksr.com>, <29346@rouge.usl.edu> Subject : Re: No-Code Testing - Who is to adm. In article <29346@rouge.usl.edu> jpd@pc.usl.edu (Dugal James P.) writes: >Actually, an Advanced Class ham can be a VE, so as to administer the >novice and tech exams. Add: and general and advanced (but not extra) class exams - Extra Class VE's (team of 3 of course :-) test prospective Extras (or down) Note: I ain't one, my spouse KI5EV am one; I just read everything and dream of doing 20 wpm! :-) -- Ed Humphries Texas Instruments, Inc. 512-250-6894 N5RCK Internet ed.humphries@hub.dsg.ti.com -. ..... .-. -.-. -.- Packet N5RCK@NA4M ------------------------------ Date: 22 Apr 91 17:05:44 GMT From: ogicse!orstcs!jacobs.CS.ORST.EDU!youngqd@ucsd.edu To: info-hams@ucsd.edu References <1991Apr20.231230.5685@zoo.toronto.edu>, <1991Apr20.235945.7393@zoo.toronto.edu>, <1991Apr22.135656.20511@news.larc.nasa.gov> Subject : Re: Adjust frequency of 4 terminal, rectanglular oscillators. >Nope, he's probably using a crystal oscillator as you said (or one with a >ceramic resonator). What he should be using is a voltage-controlled >oscillator in a 4-pin can, like the ones that MuRata Erie make. I do >heartily recommend them. >--scott > (or you can always open up the can and put a varactor diode across the >element, then adjust the bias of the varactor to slew it like a VCXO) I was using the xtal oscillators. A VCO in a can or a xtal osc with an input to a variactor diode would be good. Please flood my mailbox with sources! Dean Youngquist youngqd@jacobs.cs.orst.edu ------------------------------ Date: (null) From: (null) TO: ALL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCIES/OFFICES VIA THE ARS INFO: ALL RACES OPERATORS IN CA (ALLCA: OFFICIAL) ALL AMATEURS U.S. (@ USA: INFORMATION) FROM: CA STATE OFFICE OF EMERGENCY SERVICES (W6HIR @ WA6NWE.CA) 2800 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA 95832 (916)427-4281 RACESBUL.166 DATE: April 22, 1991 SUBJECT: How to help your Radio Officer You emergency management agency managers frequently ask what your Radio Officer should know. Many of the subjects have been covered in past Bulletins. Several Radio Officers have recently suggested the importance of their knowing about, understanding, and cooperating with the other public safety communications managers in your government. This will help to enable your volunteer communications resources to fit it in better than if they are held aside as a last resort, when all else fails, or a doomsday resource. Such RACES units usually fade away not too long after being organized. If they are an outside group, they may not be equipped with adequate training and preconditioning from you and your jurisdiction. Any volunteer is only as good as the training he or she seeks and receives. We have heard from many Radio Officers who support the premise that they are of more value when they gain an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the public safety communications systems in their area. They are encouraged to become members of their local Associated Public- Safety Communications Officers chapter. Some jurisdictions pay the APCO dues for their RACES Radio Officer and broaden the scope of their duties to include all volunteer communications services. We know of several people who have entered the public safety career field in this manner. EOM ------------------------------ Date: 22 Apr 91 13:56:56 GMT From: sdd.hp.com!uakari.primate.wisc.edu!news.larc.nasa.gov!grissom.larc.nasa.gov!kludge@ucsd.edu To: info-hams@ucsd.edu References <1991Apr20.012710.266@ac.dal.ca>, <1991Apr20.231230.5685@zoo.toronto.edu>, <1991Apr20.235945.7393@zoo.toronto.edu> Reply-To : kludge@grissom.gatech.edu ( Scott Dorsey) Subject : Re: Adjust frequency of4 terminal, rectanglular oscillators? In article <1991Apr20.235945.7393@zoo.toronto.edu> henry@zoo.toronto.edu (Henry Spencer) writes: >I wrote: >>> For space saving and cost reasons I would like to use one of >>> those small can oscillators with 4 terminals... >>Very probably what you've got there is a crystal oscillator... > >My mistake; turns out there are other things that use the same package. Nope, he's probably using a crystal oscillator as you said (or one with a ceramic resonator). What he should be using is a voltage-controlled oscillator in a 4-pin can, like the ones that MuRata Erie make. I do heartily recommend them. --scott (or you can always open up the can and put a varactor diode across the element, then adjust the bias of the varactor to slew it like a VCXO) ------------------------------ End of Info-Hams Digest ******************************