DOS Drive Tool Users Guide Version 1.5 Dan Heimsoth 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................. 1 2 REQUIREMENTS .............................................. 1 3 COMMAND LINE PARAMETERS ................................... 1 3.1 [Drive:][path][filename] ................................ 1 3.2 ASSUME /A ............................................... 1 3.3 BIOS VIDEO /B ........................................... 2 3.4 COLOR SET 2 /C .......................................... 2 3.5 IGNORE ENHANCED KEYBOARD /K ............................. 2 3.6 QUIET /Q ................................................ 2 3.7 HELP /? ................................................. 2 4 EDIT MODES ................................................ 3 4.1 DIRECTORY EDIT .......................................... 3 4.2 CLUSTER EDIT ............................................ 3 4.3 FAT EDIT ................................................ 3 5 MENU FUNCTIONS ............................................ 3 5.1 COMMON FUNCTIONS ........................................ 4 5.1.1 [ WRITE ] ............................................ 4 5.1.2 [ CLEAR ] ............................................ 4 5.1.3 [ Nw DRV ] ............................................ 4 5.1.4 [ EXIT ] ............................................ 4 5.1.5 [ HELP ] ............................................ 4 5.1.6 [ STATS ] ............................................ 4 5.1.7 [ BootCl ] ............................................ 4 5.1.8 [ RootCl ] ............................................ 4 5.2 DIRECTORY EDIT FUNCTIONS ................................ 4 5.2.1 [ SEARCH ] ............................................ 4 5.2.2 [ FAT ] ............................................ 5 5.2.3 [ CLUSTR ] ............................................ 5 5.2.4 [ SUBDIR ] ............................................ 5 5.2.5 [ PARENT ] ............................................ 5 5.2.6 [ ROOT ] ............................................ 5 5.2.7 [ PREV ] ............................................ 5 5.2.8 [ NEXT ] ............................................ 5 5.2.9 [ S-TREE ] ............................................ 5 5.2.10 [ UNERAS ] ............................................ 5 5.2.11 [ SAVE ] ............................................ 5 5.2.12 [ GET ] ............................................ 6 5.2.13 [ PUT ] ............................................ 6 5.3 CLUSTER EDIT FUNCTIONS .................................. 6 5.3.1 [ SEARCH ] ............................................ 6 5.3.2 [ FAT ] ............................................ 6 5.3.3 [ Hx/Chr ] ............................................ 6 5.3.4 [ DIR ] ............................................ 6 5.3.5 [ -1 ] ............................................ 6 5.3.6 [ +1 ] ............................................ 6 5.3.7 [ PREV ] ............................................ 6 5.3.8 [ NEXT ] ............................................ 6 5.3.9 [ S-ALL ] ............................................ 6 5.3.10 [ 1st CL ] ............................................ 7 5.3.11 [ ASC/EB ] ............................................ 7 5.3.12 [ OWNER ] ............................................ 7 i 5.4 FAT EDIT FUNCTIONS ...................................... 7 5.4.1 [ SEARCH ] ............................................ 7 5.4.2 [ CLUSTR ] ............................................ 7 5.4.3 [ DIR ] ............................................ 7 5.4.4 [ PREV ] ............................................ 7 5.4.5 [ NEXT ] ............................................ 7 5.4.6 [ OWNER ] ............................................ 7 6 CUSTOMIZING DDT ........................................... 7 6.1 DISPLAY ATTRIBUTES ...................................... 7 6.2 FUNCTION KEY ASSIGNMENTS ................................ 8 7 CHANGES ................................................... 9 ii 1.0 INTRODUCTION DDT is a utility program for working with DOS-format drives. It displays the data found on the drive in the format in which DOS uses it. It can be used to view, search, and modify this data. The DDT program has been released in versions 0.2 through 1.43, with bugs of varying severity found in each. Although I would like to think that version 1.5 is error free, I am certain that bugs will be found. Even if it were bug free, however, I would still be advising CAUTION in using it. It is, by definition, a potentially dangerous program, since it gives the user the power to change data that is usually better left unchanged. For example, by modifying the FAT, a file or even an entire disk can be made unusable. I strongly recommend the DOS Technical Reference Manual chapter on DOS Disk Allocation as a prerequisite to using DDT. 2.0 REQUIREMENTS This program requires PC-DOS 2.0 or higher. It will support editing of DOS standard format diskettes and disks. It is not intended to support non-DOS formats, or DOS file system extensions. The program uses DOS interrupts 25H and 26H, and will attempt to verify the INT. 25H interface and the format of the target drive through DOS INT 21H. Any DOS file system extension or memory resident program which takes over INT 21H or INT 25H may interfere with this verification, causing an "unsupported format" error message, and preventing editing of the target drive. This interference has been found in using DDT with DOS 3.1/3.2 when ASSIGN is installed. DDT Version 1.3 requires approximately 94Kb of free memory for the program, plus a data buffer which varies in size depending on the drive being edited. This buffer will not exceed 84Kb for most hardfiles, or 20Kb for most diskettes. 3.0 COMMAND LINE PARAMETERS All command line parameters are optional. They can be entered in upper or lower case. 3.1 [Drive:][path][filename] The DOS drive letter of the drive to be edited ( target drive ) can be entered as a command line parameter. This will bypass the first screen, which prompts for drive letter. A path and file name can also be entered with the command line parameter, and if the file is found, the subdirectory containing the file will be displayed in Directory Edit mode as the first screen, with the cursor at the specified file. 3.2 ASSUME /A The /A parameter is used to ASSUME a set of format parameters for the target drive. This is useful in cases where the a Boot Record has been damaged, causing the disk(ette) to appear to have an unusable format. The /A parameter has two forms of use. For diskettes, predefined parameter sets are provided for most common diskette formats. To ASSUME one of these sets, use one of the /A forms listed in the following table: 1 Predefined formats for the ASSUME parameter ( /A ) /A160 single-sided, 8 sect./trk. ( 160 Kb 5.25" ) /A180 single-sided, 9 sect./trk. ( 180 Kb 5.25" ) /A320 double-sided, 8 sect./trk. ( 320 Kb 5.25" ) /A360 double-sided, 9 sect./trk. ( 360 Kb 5.25" ) /A720 double-sided, 9 sect./trk. ( 720 Kb 3.5" standard format ) /A720* double-sided, 9 sect./trk. ( 720 Kb 3.5" alternate format ) /A1.2 double-sided, 15 sect./trk. ( 1.2 Mb 5.25" ) /A1.44 double-sided, 18 sect./trk. ( 1.44 Mb 3.5" ) For hardfiles and for diskette formats not listed in the table, the second form of /A must be used. This form requires 7 sub-parameters separated by commas: /Ap1,p2,p3,p4,p5,p6,p7 p1 = Number of logical sectors p2 = Bytes per sector p3 = Number of reserved sectors p4 = Sectors per FAT p5 = Number of FATs p6 = Number of Root Directory entries p7 = Sectors per cluster For example, to start DDT with ASSUMED parameters for a 20 Mb hardfile, as formatted by DOS 3.3, the command line would look like this: ...>DDT C: /A41735,512,1,41,2,512,4 The values of the sub-parameters can vary with disk size/type, DOS version, disk partitioning, and other factors. For a given disk(ette), these values can be obtained from the PARAMETERS display of DDT, but you would have to get the values before they are actually needed, since you can't start DDT without ASSUME values if the Boot Record is damaged. 3.3 BIOS VIDEO /B The /B parameter will cause video I/O to go through BIOS Int. 10, which may be necessary for compatibility in some cases. This will cause performance to be much slower. 3.4 COLOR SET 2 /C The /C parameter will cause DDT to use an alternate display attribute (color ) set. 3.5 IGNORE ENHANCED KEYBOARD /K The /K parameter will cause DDT to not use the Enhanced Keyboard, even if the presence test passes. This may be necessary if a TSR program causes the presence test to pass when no enhanced keyboard is present. 3.6 QUIET /Q The /Q parameter will cause DDT to not use the speaker. The speaker is normally used to signal invalid keystrokes or errors. 3.7 HELP /? The /? parameter will cause DDT to display a screen of help information. 2 4.0 EDIT MODES Three editing modes are available in DDT, Directory, Cluster, and FAT. These modes allow editing of the respective areas of the disk, in a format defined by DOS. For more information on FATs, Clusters, and Directories, see the DOS Technical Reference Manual. Changes made while editing are displayed in high intensity until they are written. Cursor movement is controlled by the [Home], [End], [PgUp], [PpDn], [TAB] and [Ctrl] keys, and cursor pad arrows. 4.1 DIRECTORY EDIT Directory Edit mode allows editing of DOS directories and subdirectories. The directory entry fields are displayed and edited in a decoded format (i.e. the time field is display in HRS:MIN:SEC format ). The directory entry field that is reserved for DOS is not displayed in Directory Edit mode, but if necessary it can be accessed by editing the directory in Cluster Edit mode. 4.2 CLUSTER EDIT Cluster Edit mode allows editing of Data Clusters. The data can be edited in Hex or Character form ( selected with [ Hx/Chr ] ), and the characters can be ASCII or EBCDIC ( selected with [ Asc/EB ] ). The BOOT Record and the ROOT Directory can also be edited in Cluster Edit mode, by selecting [ BootCl ] or [ RootCl ]. 4.3 FAT EDIT FAT ( File Allocation Table ) Edit mode allows editing of the FAT. The data is displayed in Hex, grouped by FAT pointer, which is either 12 or 16 bits, depending on the format of the drive. Only one FAT is displayed. If multiple copies of the FAT exist ( 2 FAT copies are kept on most DOS drives ), the [ FAT # ] function can be used to select which copy of the FAT is to be edited, or to select "All FATs" for edit. FAT Edit mode will always start in the "All FATs" state. In this state, all FAT copies are written with the same data when the [ WRITE ] function is used. When a single FAT number is selected for edit, only the selected copy of the FAT will be written when the [ WRITE ] function is used. If differences are found between the first and second FAT copies when DDT is started or when "All FATs" editing is selected, a warning message is displayed. The differences of the second FAT will be displayed as highlighted changes, over the first FAT data. Executing a [ WRITE ] at this point will write the second FAT data to all copies of the FAT. Alternately, executing a [ CLEAR ] follwed by a [ WRITE ] will write the first FAT data to all copies of the FAT. 5.0 MENU FUNCTIONS Menus are displayed across the bottom of the screen, and offer up to 20 choices, corresponding to [F1] through [F10], and [Shift]+[F1] ( [SF1] ) through [SF10]. The [F11] and [F12] keys ( or [Ctrl] [<-] and [Ctrl] [->] keys ) can be used to move the menu-cursor, and the last line on the screen will display a message explaining the function of the item selected. Menu items can be executed by selecting with the menu-cursor and then pressing [ENTER], or directly by pressing the "F" key corresponding to the menu item. The [Esc] key is used to exit to the drive selection screen. The functions assigned to the keys can be customized for each of the three edit modes, to suit personal taste. The procedure for changing the 3 function key assignments is described in the CUSTOMIZING section of this Users Guide. 5.1 COMMON FUNCTIONS The functions listed in this section are available in all edit modes. Other function key labels ( such as [ SEARCH ] ) will be the same in all three modes, but will function differently in each mode, and therefore will be listed under each edit mode section. 5.1.1 [ WRITE ] This function writes the NEW data ( highlighted on the display ) to the disk. In FAT edit mode, the new data will be written to all copies of the FAT. 5.1.2 [ CLEAR ] This function clears all the NEW ( highlighted ) data from the display. The display will then show the original data read from the disk. 5.1.3 [ Nw DRV ] This function will end the editing of the current drive, and return to the drive-selection screen. The [Esc] key will also perform this function. 5.1.4 [ EXIT ] This function will end DDT and return to DOS. 5.1.5 [ HELP ] This function will display a short message explaining how to use DDT menus and editing functions. 5.1.6 [ STATS ] This function will display a set of statistics or parameters describing the target drive. 5.1.7 [ BootCl ] This function will allow editing the BOOT record of the target drive. The data will be displayed in Cluster Edit mode, but only the single-sector Boot Record will be displayed. This function is not available in Directory Edit mode in the default version of DDT, but it can be added to the function menu if desired ( see CUSTOMIZING DDT ). 5.1.8 [ RootCl ] This function will allow editing the ROOT Directory of the target drive in Cluster Edit mode. This may be needed to edit the Reserved field of directory entries, which is not shown in Directory Edit mode. Subdirectories can edited in Cluster Edit mode by selecting a subdirectory entry in Directory Edit mode, and the switching to Cluster Edit mode ( [ CLUSTR ] ). This function is not available in Directory Edit mode in the default version of DDT, but it can be added to the function menu if desired ( see CUSTOMIZING DDT ). 5.2 DIRECTORY EDIT FUNCTIONS 5.2.1 [ SEARCH ] In Directory mode, the search covers only the FILENAME (.EXT) field. The search is case sensitive, even though lower-case file name are not legal in DOS. Partial names can be entered. For example: "DDT" will find any 4 directory entry containing that 3 character string; ".BAT" will find any directory entry with a ".BAT" extension. The search will be forward only, from the current entry. If the current directory is a subdirectory, the search will include all clusters forward in the chain. 5.2.2 [ FAT ] This function will select FAT Edit mode. The cursor will be positioned at the FAT entry for the Start Cluster of the current directory entry. If the current directory entry is unused, the cursor will be positioned at the FAT entry for the first unused cluster on the disk. 5.2.3 [ CLUSTR ] This function will select Cluster Edit mode for the Start Cluster of the current directory entry. If the current directory entry is unused, the first unused cluster on the disk will be displayed. 5.2.4 [ SUBDIR ] If the cursor is selecting a subdirectory entry, the first cluster of that subdirectory will be displayed in Directory Edit mode. 5.2.5 [ PARENT ] If the current directory is not the Root Directory, the PARENT of the current directory will be displayed in Directory Edit mode. 5.2.6 [ ROOT ] This function will display the ROOT Directory in Directory Edit mode. 5.2.7 [ PREV ] This function will display the previous cluster ( in the FAT chain ) of the current subdirectory in Directory Edit mode. 5.2.8 [ NEXT ] This function will display the next cluster ( in the FAT chain ) of the current subdirectory in Directory Edit mode. 5.2.9 [ S-TREE ] This function will search the directory tree for a file name, starting with the current entry of the current directory. To search the complete directory tree, use [ ROOT ] to select the ROOT Directory, and then start the tree search. When a match is found, the matching file name is displayed. The tree search can then be repeated at that point to search the rest of the tree for more matches. 5.2.10 [ UNERAS ] When a directory is displayed, erased files will have "+" as the first character of the file name. To try to un-erase a file, move the cursor to the erased file name, and execute the [ UNERASe] function. DDT will then change the "+" character to a "?", and try to rebuild the FAT chain for the file by using a "best guess" approach. This consists of beginning with the start cluster, and searching forward in the FAT to find enough unused clusters to match the file size. To complete the unerase attempt, the new directory AND the new FAT must then be written to disk by using the "WRITE" menu function in both DIR and FAT edit modes. 5.2.11 [ SAVE ] The save function will write the specified file to a drive other than the one being edited. The destination drive entered for the save file must 5 not be the drive being edited. A new file name can be entered, or the current name will be used. After executing the UNERASE function, this function can be used instead of writing the modified Directory and FAT. This lets you recover a file without writing to the drive being edited. 5.2.12 [ GET ] This function will get the current entry of the current directory, and place it in a save area. This entry can then be written to a different location by using the [ PUT ] function. The saved entry will be displayed at the bottom of the Directory Edit window. If a completely blank, unused entry is saved ( GETed ? ), the saved entry will not be displayed. 5.2.13 [ PUT ] This function will PUT the saved entry at the current entry of the current directory. The [ WRITE ] function must then be used to write the entry to the disk(ette). If no entry is saved, a blank, unused entry will be written. 5.3 CLUSTER EDIT FUNCTIONS 5.3.1 [ SEARCH ] In Cluster mode, the search pattern can be entered in HEX or in Characters, depending on which edit format is active when the search is started. The search is a forward search from the current cursor position. If an Entry NAME is shown on the top line of the Cluster Edit display, then the search will include all the clusters in the FAT chain for that entry. Otherwise, only the current cluster is searched. If multiple clusters are searched, the search can be interrupted at any time by pressing the [Esc] key. 5.3.2 [ FAT ] This function will select FAT Edit mode. The cursor will be positioned at the FAT entry for the current cluster. 5.3.3 [ Hx/Chr ] This function will toggle the Edit Format between Hex and Character. 5.3.4 [ DIR ] This function will select Directory Edit mode. 5.3.5 [ -1 ] This function will select the previous cluster ( cluster number - 1 ). 5.3.6 [ +1 ] This function will select the next cluster ( cluster number + 1 ). 5.3.7 [ PREV ] This function will select the previous cluster in the FAT chain. If the current cluster is unused, the previous unused cluster is selected. 5.3.8 [ NEXT ] This function will select the next cluster in the FAT chain. If the current cluster is unused, the next unused cluster is selected. 5.3.9 [ S-ALL ] This function will search all data clusters starting with the current cluster. To search all data clusters, use the [ 1st CL ] function to 6 display the first data cluster, then start the global search. 5.3.10 [ 1st CL ] This function selects the first data cluster on the drive ( data cluster number 2 ). 5.3.11 [ ASC/EB ] This function toggles the text window of the Cluster Edit display between ASCII and EBCDIC characters. 5.3.12 [ OWNER ] This function is available in both FAT and Cluster Edit mode. It will search the directory tree for the owner of the FAT chain which contains the current cluster. If an owner is found, the mode is switched to Directory Edit mode, with the cursor at the Owning file name. If the first owner found is an erased entry, the search is continued until a non-erased owner is found, or until the entire tree is searched. If the entire tree is searched and only an erased owner is found, the erased entry will be displayed. 5.4 FAT EDIT FUNCTIONS 5.4.1 [ SEARCH ] In FAT mode, the search pattern is a FAT pointer value, entered in hex. The search is a forward search from the current cursor position. 5.4.2 [ CLUSTR ] This function will select Cluster Edit mode for the cluster of the current FAT entry ( selected by the cursor ). 5.4.3 [ DIR ] This function will select Directory Edit mode. 5.4.4 [ PREV ] This function will move the cursor to the previous cluster in the FAT chain. If the current cluster is unused, the cursor is moved to the previous unused cluster. 5.4.5 [ NEXT ] This function will move the cursor to the next cluster in the FAT chain. If the current cluster is unused, the cursor is moved to the next unused cluster. 5.4.6 [ OWNER ] This function is available in both FAT and Cluster Edit mode. It will search the directory tree for the owner of the FAT chain which contains the current cluster. If an owner is found, the mode is switched to Directory Edit mode, with the cursor at the Owning file name. If the first owner found is an erased entry, the search is continued until a non-erased owner is found, or until the entire tree is searched. If the entire tree is searched and only an erased owner is found, the erased entry will be displayed. 6.0 CUSTOMIZING DDT 6.1 DISPLAY ATTRIBUTES DDT has two sets of colors or display attributes. The first set is used 7 for monochrome displays, and for CGA-type displays which are in BW80 mode. The second set is used for EGA-type displays and CGA-type displays in CO80 mode, or when specified by the /C command line parameter. Both sets contain 10 colors, and are present in the DDT.EXE file in a data structure as shown: DDT COLOR SET 1>......................' and '<' 9 Function key labels ( line 23 ) 10 Function descriptions ( line 25 ) 11 Menu cursor while the function is in progress The color sets can be customized with DDT by finding the DDT.EXE file in the Directory Mode, then selecting Cluster Mode. This will display the first cluster of DDT.EXE. Next, execute an ASCII search for 'DDT COLOR SET' to find the color data in the file. Hex mode Cluster editing can be used to customize the color sets, and the new colors can then be written into the DDT.EXE file. 6.2 FUNCTION KEY ASSIGNMENTS Each of the three edit modes in DDT has a menu with up to 20 available functions assigned to the function keys [F1] through [F10], and [Shift]+[F1] through [Shift]+[F10]. The order in which functions are assigned to specific function keys is determined by three data structures in the DDT.EXE file. The data structures will appear as shown: CLUSTER MODE >IGCQKJMNABDHRTSLOPEF< END DIRECTORY MODE >IGCQKJMNABDHR SLOPTU< END FAT MODE >IGCOKJMNABDH L EF< END Each data structure controls the menu definition for one of the three edit modes. The 20 characters between the ">" and "<" in each data structure map the available menu functions into function keys [F1] through [F10], and [Shift]+[F1] through [Shift]+[F10], in that order. The available functions are identified by capital letters as defined by the following table: 8 CLUSTER DIRECTORY FAT MODE MODE MODE A [ WRITE ] [ WRITE ] [ WRITE ] B [ CLEAR ] [ CLEAR ] [ CLEAR ] C [ SEARCH ] [ SEARCH ] [ SEARCH ] D [ STATS ] [ STATS ] [ STATS ] E [ BootCl ] [ BootCl ] [ BootCl ] F [ RootCl ] [ RootCl ] [ RootCl ] G [ Nw-DRV ] [ Nw-DRV ] [ Nw-DRV ] H [ EXIT ] [ EXIT ] [ EXIT ] I [ HELP ] [ HELP ] [ HELP ] J [ DIR ] [ SUBDIR ] [ DIR ] K [ Hx/Chr ] [ CLUSTR ] [ CLUSTR ] L [ OWNER ] [ UNERAS ] [ OWNER ] M [ PREV ] [ PREV ] [ PREV ] N [ NEXT ] [ NEXT ] [ NEXT ] O [ -1 ] [ PARENT ] [ FAT # ] P [ +1 ] [ ROOT ] [ ] Q [ FAT ] [ FAT ] [ ] R [ S-ALL ] [ S-TREE ] [ ] S [ Asc/EB ] [ SAVE ] [ ] T [ 1st CL ] [ GET ] [ ] U [ ] [ PUT ] [ ] The menus can be customized with DDT by finding the DDT.EXE file in the Directory Mode, then selecting Cluster Mode. This will display the first cluster of DDT.EXE. Next, execute an ASCII search for the data structure header for the selected menu ( for example 'CLUSTER MODE' ) to find the menu definition data structure in the file. Character mode Cluster editing can be used to customize the menu, and the new data structure can then be written into the DDT.EXE file. A "space", instead of a capital letter, in the function key data area will cause no function to be assigned to the corresponding function key. Functions can be used more than once, or not used at all, but a valid function MUST be assigned to AT LEAST ONE of the keys [F1] through [F10]. 7.0 CHANGES Version 1.2 includes the following changes from version 1.1: - Fixed a bug in the FAT WRITE function which caused only the first copy of the FAT to be written, or caused the FAT WRITE function to hang if only 1 FAT copy existed ( on VDISKS ). - Fixed a bug in the presence test for the enhanced keyboard which caused the test to pass when no enhanced keyboard was present, resulting in a lock-up on the first enhanced keyboard Wait call. - Fixed a bug in the Cluster SEARCH function which cause the search to hang if a single-character target was used in a multi-cluster search. - Changed cursor type selection to try to avoid "disappearing" cursors. - Moved the UNERASE function to a function key ( [SF6] ), instead of acting on the type-over of the "Erased character". 9 - Added the SAVE function ( [SF7] ) to Directory Edit mode, which allows writing a file to a drive other than the target drive. - Added the /A ( ASSUME ) command line parameter, which allows the user to tell DDT to assume a format for a disk(ette) that does not have a valid format defined in the Boot Record. - Added the /K command line parameter, which will cause DDT to not use any Enhanced Keyboard BIOS functions. - Added a color to the DDT Color sets. Version 1.21 includes the following changes from version 1.2: - Fixed a bug in Enhanced Keyboard presence test which cause the test to sometimes indicate "present" in error. Version 1.22 includes the following changes from version 1.21: - Fixed a bug in the SAVE function which caused an error message for files which ended exactly on a cluster boundary. The fix will allow files to be saved even when the file size in the directory entry does not agree with the size of the FAT chain. The FAT chain size will be used for the SAVE. Version 1.4 includes the following changes from version 1.22: - Added support for DOS 4.0, including support for volumes > 32 Meg. - Added support for display modes with > 25 lines. DDT will check the number of lines displayed when the program is started, and use all available lines. - Added customizing capability to function key assignments. - Added [ Nw DRV ], [ EXIT ], and [ HELP ] menu functions. Version 1.41 includes the following changes from version 1.4: - Changed DOS version check to also look for OS/2 compatabilty box. - Added /Q command line parameter to turn off the speaker. - Changed exit path to RESET the edited drive before exiting. Version 1.42 includes the following changes from version 1.41: - Fixed a bug in the cursor type selection for EGA. - Fixed a bug in the subdirectory read/write function for large DOS 4 hardfiles. Version 1.43 includes the following changes from version 1.42: - Fixed a bug in the calculations to determine FAT format. 10 Version 1.5 includes the following changes from version 1.43: - Added [ FAT # ] function to allow all copies of the FAT to be accessed individually. - Add [ GET ] and [ PUT ] functions to Directory Edit mode, to allow saving a directory entry and writing it to another directory location. 11