Archive-name: www/faq/part1
Last-modified: 1994/11/4

                   WORLD WIDE WEB FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

                      This is part 1 of a 2-part posting.
                   Part 2 begins with section 5 (providing
               information to the web). It should be the next
                           posting in this thread.


                   WORLD WIDE WEB FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS


   _This document resides on the World Wide Web on Sunsite (URL is
   http://sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/faq/www_faq.html ).

   If you are unfamiliar with the term "URL", read on and learn!_

   _ Last update: 11/4/94 _

Contents

     * 1: Recent changes to the FAQ
     * 2: Information about this document
     * 3: Elementary Questions
          + 3.1: What are WWW, hypertext and hypermedia?
          + 3.2: What is a URL?
          + 3.3: What are SGML and HTML?
          + 3.4: How does WWW compare to gopher and WAIS?
     * 4: Accessing the Web (User Questions)
          + 4.1: Introduction: How can I access the web? (Even by email!)
          + 4.2: Browsers Accessible by Telnet
          + 4.3: Obtaining browsers
               o 4.3.1: Microsoft Windows browsers
               o 4.3.2: MSDOS browsers
               o 4.3.3: Macintosh browsers
               o 4.3.4: Amiga browsers
               o 4.3.5: NeXTStep browsers
               o 4.3.6: X/DecWindows (graphical UNIX, VMS) browsers
               o 4.3.7: Text-based Unix and VMS browsers
               o 4.3.8: VM/CMS browsers
               o 4.3.9: Batch-mode "browsers"
          + 4.4: How can I access the web through a firewall?
          + 4.5: What is on the web?
               o 4.5.1: How do I find out what's new on the web?
               o 4.5.2: Where is the subject catalog of the web?
               o 4.5.3: How can I search through ALL web sites?
          + 4.6: How can I save an inline image to disk?
          + 4.7: How can I get sound from the PC speaker with WinMosaic?
          + 4.8: I have a Windows PC (or a Macintosh). Why can't I open
            WAIS URLs?
          + 4.9: I'm running XMosaic. Why can't I get external viewers
            working?
          + 4.10: Hey, I know, I'll write a WWW-exploring robot! Why not?
          + 4.11: How do I send newsgroup posts in HTML to my web client?
          + 4.12: I can't get SLIP. I want Mosaic. Is there a way? (YES!)
     * 5: Providing Information to the Web (Provider Questions)
        5.1: How can I provide information to the web?
          + 5.2: Obtaining Servers
               o 5.2.1: Unix Servers
               o 5.2.2: Macintosh Servers
               o 5.2.3: Windows, Windows NT and OS/2 Servers
               o 5.2.4: MSDOS Servers
               o 5.2.5: VMS Servers
               o 5.2.6: Amiga Servers
               o 5.2.7: VM/CMS Servers
          + 5.3: Producing HTML documents
               o 5.3.1: Writing HTML directly
               o 5.3.2: HTML editors
               o 5.3.3: Converting other formats to HTML
               o 5.3.4: Checking your HTML for errors
          + 5.4: How do I publicize my work?
          + 5.5: Can I buy space on an existing server?
          + 5.6: Advanced Provider Questions
               o 5.6.1: How do I set up a clickable image map?
               o 5.6.2: How do I make a "link" that doesn't load a new
                 page?
               o 5.6.3: Where can I learn how to create fill-out forms?
                    # 5.6.3.1: How can I create hidden fields in forms
                      (keeping state)?
                    # 5.6.3.2: How can users email me through their
                      browsers?
               o 5.6.4: How do I comment an HTML document?
               o 5.6.5: How can I create decent-looking tables and stop
                 using <PRE>...</PRE>?
               o 5.6.6: What is HTML Level 3 and where can I learn more
                 about it?
               o 5.6.7: How can I make transparent GIFs?
               o 5.6.8: Which format is better for WWW images, JPEG or
                 GIF?
               o 5.6.9: How can I mirror part of another server?
               o 5.6.10: How come mailto: URLs don't work?
               o 5.6.11: How can I restrict and control access to my
                 server?
               o 5.6.12: How can I keep robots off my server?
               o 5.6.13: How can I keep statistics about my web site?
     * 6: What newsgroups discuss the web?
     * 7: I want to know more.
     * 8: Credits

                  1: RECENT ADDITIONS AND CHANGES TO THE FAQ

     * 10/26/94: Corrections to the TIA section
     * 10/26/94: Client for VM/CMS
     * 10/26/94: Server for VM/CMS
     * 10/26/94: Updated mirrors of HoTMetaL
     * 10/26/94: Fixed URL for web page leasing
     * 11/3/94: Updates to web-by-mail section
     * 11/3/94: How to get the HTML version of the FAQ via email
     * 11/3/94: gwstat added to wwwstat description
     * 11/3/94: Spaces follow all plaintext URLs to make Netscape, etc.
       happy
     * 11/3/94: Gabriel White's HTML editor reviews linked
     * 11/3/94: Webmaster's Starter Kit
     * 11/3/94: WebLint
     * 11/3/94: Added comp.internet.net-happenings
     * 11/3/94: Added MosaicMail to section on piping to Mosaic
     * 11/3/94: Added Netscape to clients section ( Mac, Windows, X
       Window System)





                      2: INFORMATION ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

   This is an introduction to the World Wide Web project, describing the
   concepts, software and access methods. It is aimed at people who know
   a little about navigating the Internet, but want to know more about
   WWW specifically. If you don't think you are up to this level, try an
   introductory Internet book such as Ed Krol's "The Whole Internet" or
   "EFF's Guide to the Internet". The latter is available electronically
   by anonymous FTP from ftp.eff.org in the directory
   pub/Net_info/EFF_Net_Guide.

   This informational document is posted to news.answers,
   comp.infosystems.www.users, comp.infosystems.www.providers,
   comp.infosystems.www.misc, comp.infosystems.gopher,
   comp.infosystems.wais and alt.hypertext every four days (please allow
   a day or two for it to propagate to your site). The latest and best
   version is always available on the web as
   http://sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/faq/www_faq.html , and is mirrored in
   Japan (URL is
   http://www.glocom.ac.jp/mirror/sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/faq/www_faq.htm
   l ). (see section 3.2, "What is a URL?" to understand what this term
   means.) If you run a mirror site which automatically mirrors this
   document, please submit the URL for inclusion in the list of mirrors.
   Thanks to both Sunsite and Glocom.

   The most recently posted version of this document is kept on the
   news.answers archive on rtfm.mit.edu in
   /pub/usenet/news.answers/www/faq. For information on FTP, send e-mail
   to _mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu_ with:


send usenet/news.answers/finding-sources

   in the body (not subject line) of your message, instead of asking me.



   If you want the HTML version but are located behind a firewall, you
   can acquire it from CERN's WWW email server. Send mail to
   listproc0@www.cern.ch with the following single line in the body
   (leave the subject blank):

   source http://sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/faq/www_faq.html

   Thomas Boutell maintains this document. Feedback about it is to be
   sent via e-mail to boutell@netcom.com.

   In all cases, regard this document as out of date. Definitive
   information should be on the web, and static versions such as this
   should be considered unreliable at best. The most up-to-date version
   of the FAQ is the version maintained on the web. Please excuse any
   formatting inconsistencies in the posted version of this document, as
   it is automatically generated from the on-line version.



                            3: ELEMENTARY QUESTIONS

3.1: What are WWW, hypertext and hypermedia?

   WWW stands for "World Wide Web". The WWW project, started by CERN (the
   European Laboratory for Particle Physics), seeks to build a
   distributed hypermedia system.



   The advantage of hypertext is that in a hypertext document, if you
   want more information about a particular subject mentioned, you can
   usually "just click on it" to read further detail. In fact, documents
   can be and often are linked to other documents by completely different
   authors -- much like footnoting, but you can get the referenced
   document instantly!

   To access the web, you run a browser program. The browser reads
   documents, and can fetch documents from other sources. Information
   providers set up hypermedia servers which browsers can get documents
   from.

   The browsers can, in addition, access files by FTP, NNTP (the Internet
   news protocol), gopher and an ever-increasing range of other methods.
   On top of these, if the server has search capabilities, the browsers
   will permit searches of documents and databases.

   The documents that the browsers display are hypertext documents.
   Hypertext is text with pointers to other text. The browsers let you
   deal with the pointers in a transparent way -- select the pointer, and
   you are presented with the text that is pointed to.

   Hypermedia is a superset of hypertext -- it is any medium with
   pointers to other media. This means that browsers might not display a
   text file, but might display images or sound or animations.



3.2: What is a URL?

   URL stands for "Uniform Resource Locator". It is a draft standard for
   specifying an object on the Internet, such as a file or newsgroup.

   URLs look like this: (file: and ftp: URLs are synonymous.)
     * file://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors/msdos/graphics/gifkit.zip
     * ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors
     * http://info.cern.ch:80/default.html
     * news:alt.hypertext
     * telnet://dra.com



   The first part of the URL, before the colon, specifies the access
   method. The part of the URL after the colon is interpreted specific to
   the access method. In general, two slashes after the colon indicate a
   machine name (machine:port is also valid).

   When you are told to "check out this URL", what to do next depends on
   your browser; please check the help for your particular browser. For
   the line-mode browser at CERN, which you will quite possibly use first
   via telnet, the command to try a URL is "GO URL" (substitute the
   actual URL of course). In Lynx you just select the "GO" link on the
   first page you see; in graphical browsers, there's usually an "Open
   URL" option in the menus.



3.3: What are SGML and HTML?

   Documents on the World Wide Web are written in a simple "markup
   language" called HTML, which stands for Hypertext Markup Language. See
   section 5.3 for more information about creating HTML documents for use
   on the web.

   SGML is a much broader language which is used to define particular
   markup languages for particular purposes. HTML is just a specific
   application of SGML. You can learn more about SGML, and the rationale
   behind HTML, by reading A Gentle Introduction to SGML (URL is
   http://etext.virginia.edu/bin/tei-tocs?div=DIV1&id=SG ), a document
   provided by the Text Encoding Initiative. (_Note:_ Some browsers
   apparently crash on this URL. There's nothing wrong with the document;
   try another browser if you have problems.)



3.4: How does WWW compare to gopher and WAIS?

   While all three of these information presentation systems are
   client-server based, they differ in terms of their model of data. In
   gopher, data is either a menu, a document, an index or a telnet
   connection. In WAIS, everything is an index and everything that is
   returned from the index is a document. In WWW, everything is a
   (possibly) hypertext document which may be searchable.

   In practice, this means that WWW can represent the gopher (a menu is a
   list of links, a gopher document is a hypertext document without
   links, searches are the same, telnet sessions are the same) and WAIS
   (a WAIS index is a searchable page, returning a document with no
   links) data models as well as providing extra functionality.

   World Wide Web usage grew far beyond Gopher usage in the last few
   months, according to the statistics-keepers of the Internet backbone.
   (Of course, World Wide Web browsers can also access Gopher servers,
   which inflates the numbers for the latter.) WWW has long since reached
   critical mass, with new commercial and noncommercial sites appearing
   daily.



4.1: Introduction: how can I access the web?

   You have three options: use a browser on your own machine (the best
   option), use a browser that can be telnetted to (not as good), or
   access the web by email (the least attractive, but for some it's the
   only way). It is always best to run a browser on your own machine,
   unless you absolutely cannot do so; but feel free to telnet to a
   browser for your first look at the web, or use email if the telnet
   command does not work on your system (_try it first!_). Note that
   "your machine" can be defined as a system you dial into from home,
   such as netcom or another account provider. Running a text-based
   browser on such a system is still preferable to telnetting to a
   faraway site.

   The following sections cover telnetting to a browser and obtaining
   your own browser; if neither of these are possible for you (because
   you have only an email-and-news connection to the Internet), here is
   how to access a web page by email:

   Send email to listproc0@www.cern.ch containing the following single
   line. (What you put on the subject line doesn't matter; blank is OK.
   This line should go in the text of the message.) You will receive as a
   reply a simple page intended to help you learn more about the Web.


send http://www.earn.net/gnrt/www.html





4.2: Browsers accessible by telnet

   An up-to-date list of these is available on the Web as
   http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/FAQ/Bootstrap.html and should be
   regarded as an authoritative list.

   info.cern.ch
          No password is required. This is in Switzerland, so continental
          US users might be better off using a closer browser.

   www.cc.ukans.edu
          A full screen browser "Lynx" which requires a vt100 terminal.
          Log in as www. Does not allow users to "go" to arbitrary URLs,
          so GET YOUR OWN COPY of Lynx and install it on your system if
          your administrator has not done so already. The best plain-text
          browser, so move mountains if necessary to get your own copy of
          Lynx!

   www.njit.edu
          (or telnet 128.235.163.2) Log in as www. A full-screen browser
          in New Jersey Institute of Technology. USA.

   www.huji.ac.il
          A dual-language Hebrew/English database, with links to the rest
          of the world. The line mode browser, plus extra features. Log
          in as www. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.

   sun.uakom.cs
          Slovakia. Has a slow link, only use from nearby.

   info.funet.fi
          (or telnet 128.214.6.102). Log in as www. Offers several
          browsers, including Lynx (goto option is disabled there also).

   fserv.kfki.hu
          Hungary. Has slow link, use from nearby. Login is as www.



4.3: Obtaining browsers

   The preferred method of access of the Web is to run a browser
   yourself. Browsers are available for many platforms, both in source
   and executable forms. Here is a list generated from the authoritative
   list, http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Clients.html .



  4.3.1: MICROSOFT WINDOWS BROWSERS



   NOTE: These browsers require that you have SLIP, PPP or other TCP/IP
   networking on your PC. SLIP or PPP can be accomplished over phone
   lines. You can do this one of two ways: using a proper SLIP account,
   which requires the active cooperation of your network provider or
   educational institution, or using The Internet Adapter (section 4.12),
   a product which simulates SLIP through your dialup Unix shell account.
   If you only have non-Unix based dialup shell access, or have no PC at
   home, your best option at this time is to run Lynx on the VMS (or
   Unix, or...) system you call, or telnet to a browser if you cannot do
   so.

   Cello        Browser from Cornell LII. Available by anonymous FTP from
   ftp.law.cornell.edu in the directory /pub/LII/cello.

   Mosaic for Windows   From NCSA. Available by anonymous FTP from
   ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the directory PC/Windows/Mosaic.

   WinWeb       From EINet. Available by anonymous FTP from ftp.einet.net
   in the directory /einet/pc/winweb as the file winweb.zip.

   Netscape     From Mosaic Communications Corp (URL is:
   http://home.mcom.com/info/index.html ). Downloads and displays images
   incrementally while you read pages, which also display incrementally,
   making it the best browser at the time of this writing for those who
   connect to the web via modems. Also supports many extensions to HTML,
   although not all conform to the proposed standard. Netscape is a
   commercial product but is free for personal use by individuals.
   Version 0.9 (available to the public as of this writing) does not
   support printing, but this is promised in the forthcoming version 1.0.
   _Contrary to popular myth, version 1.0 will be free for personal use,
   just like version 0.9._ The 16-bit version works under OS/2 as well as
   Windows 3.1. Available by anonymous FTP from the following sites (use
   the mirror closest to you; see the URL above for the latest list):
     * ftp://ftp.mcom.com/netscape/
     * ftp://ftp.uu.net/networking/info-service/www/mcc/
     * ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/net/infosys/Mosaic_Comm/Netscape/
     * ftp://ftp.icsi.net/pub/packages/netscape/
     * ftp://www.sandia.gov/Netscape/
     * ftp://lark.cc.ukans.edu/Netscape/
     * ftp://www.jsc.nasa.gov/pub/netscape/
     * ftp://ftp.meer.net/pub/Netscape/
     * ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/Netscape/

   Spry Mosaic  From Spry. Available by anonymous FTP from ftp.spry.com
   in the directory AirMosaicDemo as the file AMOSDEMO.EXE. Spry Mosaic
   is a commercial product but a demonstration version is available and
   can be registered inexpensively. Works under OS/2. Supports the
   mailto: URL, transparent GIFs, ALT tags, etc.; also supports
   hierarchical hotlists, a unique feature at the time of this writing.



  4.3.2: MSDOS BROWSERS



   NOTE: These browsers require that you have SLIP, PPP or other TCP/IP
   networking on your PC. SLIP or PPP can be accomplished over phone
   lines. You can do this one of two ways: using a proper SLIP account,
   which requires the active cooperation of your network provider or
   educational institution, or using The Internet Adapter (section 4.12),
   a product which simulates SLIP through your dialup Unix shell account.
   If you only have non-Unix based dialup shell access, or have no PC at
   home, your best option at this time is to run Lynx on the VMS (or
   Unix, or...) system you call, or telnet to a browser if you cannot do
   so.

   DosLynx
          DosLynx is an excellent text-based browser for use on DOS
          systems. You must have a level 1 packet driver, or an emulation
          thereof, or you will only be able to browse local files;
          essentially, if your PC has an Ethernet connection, or you have
          SLIP, you should be able to use it. DosLynx can view GIF
          images, but not when they are inline images (as of this
          writing). See the README.HTM file at the DosLynx site for
          details. You can obtain DosLynx by anonymous FTP from
          ftp2.cc.ukans.edu in the directory pub/WWW/DosLynx; the URL is
          ftp://ftp2.cc.ukans.edu/pub/WWW/DosLynx/.



  4.3.3: MACINTOSH BROWSERS



   NOTE: These browsers require that you have SLIP, PPP or other TCP/IP
   networking on your PC. SLIP or PPP can be accomplished over phone
   lines. You can do this one of two ways: using a proper SLIP account,
   which requires the active cooperation of your network provider or
   educational institution, or using The Internet Adapter (section 4.12),
   a product which simulates SLIP through your dialup Unix shell account.
   If you only have non-Unix based dialup shell access, or have no PC at
   home, your best option at this time is to run Lynx on the VMS (or
   Unix, or...) system you call, or telnet to a browser if you cannot do
   so.

   Mosaic for Macintosh
          From NCSA. Full featured. Available by anonymous FTP from
          ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the directory Mac/Mosaic.

   Netscape
          From Mosaic Communications Corp (URL is:
          http://home.mcom.com/info/index.html ). Downloads and displays
          images incrementally while you read pages, which also display
          incrementally, making it the best browser at the time of this
          writing for those who connect to the web via modems. Also
          supports many extensions to HTML, although not all conform to
          the proposed standard. Netscape is a commercial product but is
          free for personal use by individuals. Version 0.9 (available to
          the public as of this writing) does not support printing, but
          this is promised in the forthcoming version 1.0. _Contrary to
          popular myth, version 1.0 will be free for personal use, just
          like version 0.9._ Available by anonymous FTP from the
          following sites (use the mirror closest to you; see the URL
          above for the latest list):

          + ftp://ftp.mcom.com/netscape/
          + ftp://ftp.uu.net/networking/info-service/www/mcc/
          + ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/net/infosys/Mosaic_Comm/Netscape/
          + ftp://ftp.icsi.net/pub/packages/netscape/
          + ftp://www.sandia.gov/Netscape/
          + ftp://lark.cc.ukans.edu/Netscape/
          + ftp://www.jsc.nasa.gov/pub/netscape/
          + ftp://ftp.meer.net/pub/Netscape/
          + ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/Netscape/

   Samba  From CERN. Basic. Available by anonymous FTP from info.cern.ch
          in the directory /ftp/pub/www/bin as the file mac.

   MacWeb
          From EINet. Has features that Mosaic lacks; lacks some features
          that Mosaic has. Available by anonymous FTP from ftp.einet.net
          in the directory einet/mac/macweb.





  4.3.4: AMIGA BROWSERS

   AMosaic
          Browser for AmigaOS, based on NCSA's Mosaic. Supports older
          Amigas as well as the newer machines in the latest versions;
          available for anonymous ftp from max.physics.sunysb.edu in the
          directory /pub/amosaic, or from aminet sites in
          /pub/aminet/comm/net. see the site for details. See the URL
          http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/AMosaic/home.html .

   Emacs-W3
          The Emacs-W3 browser works under Gnu Emacs on the Amiga (see
          section 4.3.7).



  4.3.5: NEXTSTEP BROWSERS



   Note: NeXT systems can also run X-based browsers using one of the
   widely used X server products for the NeXT. The browsers listed here,
   by contrast, are native NeXTStep applications.

   OmniWeb
          A World Wide Web browser for NeXTStep. The URL for more
          information is http://www.omnigroup.com/; you can ftp the
          package from ftp.omnigroup.com in the /pub/software/ directory.

   WorldWideWeb, CERN's NeXT Browser-Editor
          A browser/editor for NeXTStep. _Currently out of date; editor
          not operational._ Allows wysiwyg hypertext editing. Requires
          NeXTStep 3.0. Available for anonymous FTP from info.cern.ch in
          the directory /pub/www/src.



  4.3.6: X/DECWINDOWS (GRAPHICAL UNIX, VMS) BROWSERS

   NCSA Mosaic for X
          Unix browser using X11/Motif. The original multimedia browser.
          Full http 1.0 support including PUT-method forms, image maps,
          etc. Version 2.5 beta 2 has introductory support for tables.
          Available by anonymous FTP from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the
          directory Mosaic.

   NCSA Mosaic for VMS
          Browser using X11/DecWindows/Motif. For the VMS operating
          system. Full http 1.0 support including PUT-method forms, image
          maps, etc. Probably the best browser available for VMS.
          Available by anonymous FTP from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the
          directory Mosaic.

   Netscape
          From Mosaic Communications Corp (URL is:
          http://home.mcom.com/info/index.html ). Downloads and displays
          images incrementally while you read pages, which also display
          incrementally, making it the best browser at the time of this
          writing for those who connect to the web via modems. Also
          supports many extensions to HTML, although not all conform to
          the proposed standard. Netscape is a commercial product but is
          free for personal use by individuals. Version 0.9 (available to
          the public as of this writing) does not support printing, but
          this is promised in the forthcoming version 1.0. _Contrary to
          popular myth, version 1.0 will be free for personal use, just
          like version 0.9._ Available by anonymous FTP from the
          following sites (use the mirror closest to you; see the URL
          above for the latest list):

          + ftp://ftp.mcom.com/netscape/
          + ftp://ftp.uu.net/networking/info-service/www/mcc/
          + ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/net/infosys/Mosaic_Comm/Netscape/
          + ftp://ftp.icsi.net/pub/packages/netscape/
          + ftp://www.sandia.gov/Netscape/
          + ftp://lark.cc.ukans.edu/Netscape/
          + ftp://www.jsc.nasa.gov/pub/netscape/
          + ftp://ftp.meer.net/pub/Netscape/
          + ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/Netscape/

   Quadralay GWHIS Viewer (Commercial Mosaic)
          Quadralay offers a commercial-grade (not free!) version of
          Mosaic for Unix systems, with Windows and Macintosh versions
          expected in the future. (URL is:
          http://www.quadralay.com/products/products.html #gwhis)

   tkWWW Browser/Editor for X11
          Unix Browser/Editor for X11. (Beta test version.) Available for
          anonymous ftp from harbor.ecn.purdue.edu in the directory
          tkwww[extension] (followed by an extension possibly dependent
          on the current version). Please ftp to the site and look for
          the latest version (or use the link above). Supports WSYIWYG
          HTML editing.

   MidasWWW Browser
          A Unix/X browser from Tony Johnson. (Beta, works well.)

   Viola for X (Beta)
          Viola has two versions for Unix/X: one using Motif, one using
          Xlib (no Motif). Handles HTML Level 3 forms and tables. Has
          extensions for multiple columning, collapsible/expandable list,
          client-side document include. Available by anonymous FTP from
          ora.com in /pub/www/viola. More information available at the
          URL http://xcf.berkeley.edu/ht/projects/viola/README.

   Chimera
          Unix/X Browser using Athena (doesn't require Motif). Supports
          forms, inline images, etc.; closest to Mosaic in feel of the
          non-Motif X11 browsers. Available for anonymous FTP from
          ftp.cs.unlv.edu in the directory /pub/chimera.



    4.3.7: Text-mode Unix and VMS browsers



   These are text-based browsers for Unix (and in some cases also VMS)
   systems. In many cases your system administrator will have already
   installed one or more of these packages; check before compiling your
   own copy.

   Line Mode Browser
          This program gives W3 readership to anyone with a dumb
          terminal. A general purpose information retrieval tool.
          Available by anonymous ftp from info.cern.ch in the directory
          /pub/www/src.

   The "Lynx" full screen browser
          This is a hypertext browser for vt100s using full screen, arrow
          keys, highlighting, etc. Available by anonymous FTP from
          ftp2.cc.ukans.edu.

   Tom Fine's perlWWW
          A tty-based browser written in perl. Available by anonymous FTP
          from archive.cis.ohio-state.edu in the directory pub/w3browser
          as the file w3browser-0.1.shar.

   For VMS
          Dudu Rashty's full screen client based on VMS's SMG screen
          management routines. Available by anonymous FTP from
          vms.huji.ac.il in the directory www/www_client.

   Emacs w3-mode
          A WWW browser for emacs. Runs under Xwindows, NeXTstep, VMS,
          OS/2, Windows NT, Windows 3.1, AmigaDOS, or just about any Unix
          system. Supports multiple fonts, color, and mouse support if
          using Lemacs, Epoch, or Emacs 19. Also works in local mode
          under DOS and on the Macintosh. Available by anonymous ftp from
          ftp.cs.indiana.edu in the directory pub/elisp/w3.





  4.3.9: VM/CMS BROWSERS

   Albert
          A WWW browser for the VM/CMS operating system. Available by
          anonymous FTP from gopher.ufl.edu in the directory pub/vm/www/.





  4.3.9: BATCH-MODE "BROWSERS"

   Batch mode browser
          A batch-mode "browser", url_get, which is available through the
          URL http://wwwhost.cc.utexas.edu/test/zippy/url_get.html . It
          can be retrieved via anonymous FTP to ftp.cc.utexas.edu, as the
          file /pub/zippy/url_get.tar.Z. This package is intended for use
          in cron jobs and other settings in which fetching a page in a
          command-line fashion is useful.



4.4: How can I access the web through a firewall?

   For information on using NCSA Mosaic from behind a firewall, please
   read the following. In general, browsers can be made useful behind
   firewalls through the use of a package called "SOCKS"; the source must
   be modified slightly and rebuilt to accommodate this. Whenever
   possible, work _with_ your network administrators to solve the
   problem, not against them.

   An excerpt from the NCSA Mosaic FAQ:

   NCSA Mosaic requires a direct internet connection to work, but some
   folks have put together a package that works behind firewalls. This is
   _completely unsupported_ by NCSA, but here is the latest announcement:

     _November 15, 1993:_ C&C Software Technology Center (CSTC) of NEC
     Systems Lab has made available a version of SOCKS, a package for
     running Internet clients from behind firewalls without breaching
     security requirements, that includes a suitably modified version of
     Mosaic for X 2.0. _Beware: such a version is not supported by NCSA;
     we can't help with questions or problems arising from the
     modifications made by others._ But, we encourage you to check it out
     if it's interesting to you. Questions and problem notifications can
     be sent to Ying-Da Lee (_ylee@syl.dl.nec.com_).





4.5: What is on the web?

   Currently accessible through the web:
     * anything served through gopher
     * anything served through WAIS
     * anything on an FTP site
     * anything on Usenet
     * anything accessible through telnet
     * anything in hytelnet
     * anything in hyper-g
     * anything in techinfo
     * anything in texinfo
     * anything in the form of man pages
     * sundry hypertext documents





  4.5.1: HOW DO I FIND OUT WHAT'S NEW ON THE WEB?

   The unofficial newspaper of the World Wide Web is What's New With NCSA
   Mosaic (URL is
   http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/whats-new.html ),
   which carries announcements of new servers on the web and also of new
   web-related tools. This should be in your hot list if you're not using
   Mosaic (which can access it directly through the help menu).

   You can also check out the newsgroup comp.internet.net-happenings,
   which carries WWW announcements and many other Internet-related
   announcements. The ball is rolling to create
   comp.infosystems.www.announce, but this group does not yet exist. You
   can follow the discussion in news.groups.



  4.5.2: WHERE IS THE SUBJECT CATALOG OF THE WEB?

   There are several. There is no mechanism inherent in the web which
   forces the creation of a single catalog (although there is work
   underway on automatic mechanisms to catalog web sites). The best-known
   catalog, and the first, is The WWW Virtual Library (URL is
   http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/DataSources/bySubject/Overview.html ),
   maintained by CERN. The Virtual Library is a good place to find
   resources on a particular subject, and has separate maintainers for
   many subject areas.

   There is also a newer cataloging system called ALIWEB that requires
   very little effort to maintain and is growing rapidly (URL is
   http://web.nexor.co.uk/aliweb/doc/aliweb.html ).



  4.5.3: HOW CAN I SEARCH THROUGH ALL WEB SITES?

   Several people have written robots which create indexes of web sites
   -- including sites which have not arranged to be mentioned in the
   newspapers and catalogs above. (Before writing your own robot, please
   read the section on robots.)

   Here are a few such automatic indexes you can search:
     * WebCrawler (URL is http://www.biotech.washington.edu/WebQuery.html
       ) builds an impressively complete index; on the other hand, since
       it indexes the content of documents, it may find many links that
       aren't exactly what you had in mind. However, it does a good job
       of sorting the documents it finds according to how closely they
       match your search.
     * World Wide Web Worm (URL is
       http://www.cs.colorado.edu/home/mcbryan/WWWW.html ) builds its
       index based on page titles and URL contents only. This is somewhat
       less inclusive, but pages it finds are more likely to be an exact
       match with your needs.
     * Lycos (URL is http://fuzine.mt.cs.cmu.edu/mlm/lycos-home.html ) is
       another web-indexing robot, which includes the ability to submit
       the URLs of your own documents by hand, ensuring that they are
       available for searching.

   You can read about other robots in the robots section.



4.6: How can I save an inline image to disk?



   Here are two ways:

   1. Turn on "load to local disk" in your browser, if it has such an
   option; then reload images. You'll be prompted for filenames instead
   of seeing them on the screen. Be sure to shut it off when you're done
   with it.

   2. Choose "view source" and browse through the HTML source; find the
   URL for the inline image of interest to you; copy and paste it into
   the "Open URL" window. This should load it into your image viewer
   instead, where you can save it and otherwise muck about with it.




4.7: How can I get sound from the PC speaker with WinMosaic?



   This piece of wisdom donated by Hunter Monroe:

   This section explains how to install sound on a PC which already has a
   working version of Mosaic for Microsoft Windows. Be warned in advance
   that the results may be poor.

   To get Mosaic to produce sound out of the PC speaker, first, you need
   a driver for the speaker. You can get the Microsoft speaker driver
   from the URL ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SPEAK.EXE or by
   doing an Archie search to find it somewhere else. SPEAK.EXE is a
   self-extracting file. Copy the speak.exe file to a new directory, and
   then type "SPEAK" at the DOS prompt. Do not put the file SPEAKER.DRV
   in a separate directory from OEMSETUP.INF.

   Now, you need to install the driver. In Windows, from the Program
   Manager choose successively Main/Control Panel/Drivers/Add/Unlisted or
   updated drivers/(enter path of SPEAK.EXE)/PC Speaker. At this point
   some strange sounds come out as the driver is initialized. Change the
   settings to improve the sound quality on the various sounds: tada,
   chimes, etc. Click OK when you are finished and choose the Restart
   windows option.

   Having installed the speaker driver, you will now get sounds whenever
   you start Windows, make a mistake, or exit Windows. If you do not want
   this, from the Main/Control Panel/Sounds menu, make sure there is no X
   next to "Enable System Sounds."

   Now, you need a sound viewer program that Mosaic can call to display
   sounds. NCSA unfortunately recommend WHAM, which does not work well
   with a PC speaker. Get the program WPLANY instead. You can find a copy
   nearby with an Archie search on the string "wplny"; the current
   version is WPLNY09B.ZIP. For details on archie and other basic issues
   related to FTP, please read the Usenet newsgroup
   news.announce.newusers.

   Move the zip file to a new directory, and use an unzip program like
   pkunzip to unzip it, producing the files WPLANY.EXE and WPLANY.DOC.
   Then edit the MOSAIC.INI file to remove the "REM" before the line
   "TYPE9=audio/basic". Then, you need lines in the section below that
   read something like: audio/basic="c:\wplany\wplany.exe %ls"
   audio/wav="c:\wplany\wplany.exe %ls" where you have filled in the
   correct path for wplany.exe. The MOSAIC.INI file delivered with Mosaic
   may have NOTEPAD.EXE on the audio/basic line, but this will not work.
   Now, restart Mosaic, and you should now be able to produce sounds. To
   check this, with Mosaic choose File/Local File/\WINDOWS\*.WAV and then
   try to play TADA.WAV. Then, you might try the Mosaic Demo document for
   some .AU sounds, but you are lucky if your speaker produces something
   you can understand.



4.8: I have a Windows PC or Macintosh. Why can't I access WAIS URLs?



   This answer provided by Michael Grady (m-grady@uiuc.edu):

   The version of Mosaic for X has "wais client" code built-in to it.
   This was relatively easy for the developers to do, because there was
   already a set of library routines for talking to WAIS available for
   Unix as "public domain" (freeWAIS). I don't think there is such a
   library of routines for PC/Windows or Mac, which would make it much
   more difficult for the Mosaic versions for Windows and the Mac to add
   "wais client" capability. Therefore, at least for now, neither the
   Windows or Mac versions of Mosaic support direct query of a WAIS
   server (i.e. can act as wais clients themselves).



4.9: I'm running XMosaic. Why can't I get external viewers working...

   ... No matter what no matter what I do to my .mailcap and .mime.types
   files?

   Answer provided by Ronald E. Daniel (rdaniel@acl.lanl.gov):



     Mosaic only looks at the .mime.types file if it has no idea what the
     document's type is. This is actually a very rare situation.
     Essentially all servers now use the HTTP/1.0 protocol, which means
     that they tell Mosaic (or other browsers) what the document's MIME
     Content-type is. The servers use a file very much like Mosaic's
     .mime.types file to infer the Content-type from the filename's
     extension.

     It is pretty simple to find out if this really is the problem. Use
     telnet to talk to the server and find out if it is assigning a MIME
     type to the document in question. Here's an example, looking at the
     home page for my server. (idaknow: is my shell prompt)


  idaknow: telnet www.acl.lanl.gov 80  // Connect to the httpd server
  Trying 128.165.148.3 ...
  Connected to www.acl.lanl.gov.
  Escape character is '^]'.
  HEAD /Home.html  HTTP/1.0             // replace Home.html  with your documen
t
                                       // you supply the blank line
  HTTP/1.0 200 OK                      // the rest of this comes from the serve
r  Date: Wednesday, 25-May-94 19:18:11 GMT
  Server: NCSA/1.1
  MIME-version: 1.0
  Content-type: text/html              // Here's the MIME Content-type
  Last-modified: Monday, 16-May-94 16:21:58 GMT
  Content-length: 1727

  Connection closed by foreign host.
  idaknow:

     In the example above, /Home.html will get
     http://www.acl.lanl.gov/Home.html .

     Normally servers will be configured to supply a Content-type of
     text/plain if they don't know what else to do. If this is the
     problem you are having, take a look at the TypesConfig documentation
     for NCSA's httpd. You can have the server look at the filename
     extension, supply the correct Content-type, then use your local
     .mailcap file to tell Mosaic what viewer to use to look at the
     document.

   Russ Segal adds:

     The answer from Ronald Daniel is essentially correct, but it needs a
     small addendum.

     When starting Moasic, you can specify a "fileProxy" which will fetch
     files for you:

     "*fileProxy: http://socks/"

     If you do this, file: URLs are no longer strictly local accesses. So
     even if the URL is not fttp:, the proxy server must be upgraded as
     Mr. Daniel suggests.





4.10: Hey, I know, I'll write a WWW-exploring robot! Why not?

   Programs that automatically traverse the web can be quite useful, but
   have the potential to make a serious mess of things. Robots have been
   written which do a "breadth-first" search of the web, exploring many
   sites in a gradual fashion instead of aggressively "rooting out" the
   pages of one site at a time. Some of these robots now produce
   excellent indexes of information available on the web.

   But others have written simple depth-first searches which, at the
   worst, can bring servers to their knees in minutes by recursively
   downloading information from CGI script-based pages that contain an
   infinite number of possible links. (Often robots can't realize this!)
   Imagine what happens when a robot decides to "index" the CONTENTS of
   several hundred mpeg movies. Shudder.

   The moral: a robot that does what you want may already exist; if it
   doesn't, please study the document World Wide Web Robots, Wanderers
   and Spiders (URL is: http://web.nexor.co.uk/mak/doc/robots/robots.html
   ) and learn about the emerging standards for exclusion of robots from
   areas in which they are not wanted. You can also read about existing
   robots there.



4.11: How do I send newsgroup posts in HTML to my web client?

   How to do this depends greatly on your system; if you have a Mac or
   Windows system, the answer is completely different. But, as food for
   thought, here is a simple shell script I use on my Unix account to
   send posts from rn and related newsreaders to Lynx. Put this text in
   the file "readwebpost" and use the "chmod" command to make it
   executable, then put it somewhere in your path (such as your personal
   bin directory):


#!/bin/sh

echo \<PRE\> > .article.html
cat >> .article.html
echo \</PRE\> >> .article.html
lynx .article.html  < /dev/tty
rm .article.html

   Then add the following line to your .rnmac file (create it if you
   don't already have one):


W     |readwebpost %C

   Now, when you press "W" while reading a post in rn, a message will be
   sent to Lynx, and the links enclosed in it will be live.

   Larry W. Virden provides the following version which invokes Mosaic
   instead, and is also capable of communicating with an already-running
   copy of Mosaic instead of launching another. (You can use the same rn
   macro as above, invoking "goto-xm" instead of "readwebpost".) Read the
   comments for details on the assumptions made by the script.


#! /bin/sh
# goto-xm, by Joseph T. Buck
# Modified heavily by Larry W. Virden
# Script for use with newsreaders such as trn.  Piping the article
# through this command causes xmosaic to pop up, pointing to the
# article.  If an existing xmosaic (version 1.1 or later) exists,
# the USR1 method will be used to cause it to point to the correct
# article, otherwise a new one will be started.

# assumptions: ps command works as is on SunOS 4.1.x, may need changes
# on other platforms.

URL=`/bin/grep '^Message-ID:' | /bin/sed -e 's/.*</news:/' -e 's/>.*//'`
if [ "X$URL" = "X" ]; then
        echo "USAGE: $0 [goto] [once] < USENET_msg" >&2
        exit 1
fi

pid=`ps -xc | egrep '[Mm]osaic' | awk 'NR == 1 {print $1}'`
p=`which Mosaic`
gfile=/tmp/Mosaic.$pid

$p "$URL" &

if      [ "$#" -gt 0 ] ; then
  if    [ "$1" = "goto" -o "$1" = "same" ] ; then
        shift
        echo "goto"   > $gfile
  else
        echo "newwin" > $gfile
  fi
else
        echo "newwin" > $gfile
fi
/bin/awk 'END { printf "'"$URL"'" }' </dev/null >> $gfile

trap "echo signal encountered" 30
kill -USR1 $pid

exit 0



   See also MosaicMail (URL is
   http://www.oac.uci.edu/indiv/ehood/mhonarc.doc.html ), a Perl script
   which pipes email and/or news to your current Mosaic session.



4.12: I can't get SLIP. I want Mosaic. Is there a way?

   YES! If you have a plain old Unix shell account on a Unix system, such
   as a SunOS or Ultrix system, you can run The Internet Adapter (TIA), a
   program which provides a pseudo-SLIP connection. TIA is _not_ free
   software, but there is a free two-week trial period and it is very
   cheap to register.

   "So what do I run on my machine at home?"

   Exactly the same software you would use for real SLIP; as far as your
   PC is concerned, it _is_ a SLIP connection. If you're unfamiliar with
   SLIP please check out a newsgroup relevant to your particular type of
   PC (Windows, Mac, etc). (This isn't restricted to common systems;
   because all the emulation happens on your Unix shell account, your
   client machine can run anything that supports SLIP.)

   "Details, please! I'm confused."

   Check out the TIA home page (URL is
   http://marketplace.com/tia/tiahome.html ), or send email to
   info@marketplace.com and request details about TIA.