Return-path: X-Andrew-Authenticated-as: 7997;andrew.cmu.edu;Ted Anderson Received: from holmes.andrew.cmu.edu via trymail for +dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr1/ota/space/space.dl@andrew.cmu.edu (->+dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr1/ota/space/space.dl) (->ota+space.digests) ID ; Tue, 6 Jun 89 05:17:09 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <8YWtO9S00UkZAd204e@andrew.cmu.edu> Reply-To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU From: space-request+@Andrew.CMU.EDU To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU Date: Tue, 6 Jun 89 05:16:58 -0400 (EDT) Subject: SPACE Digest V9 #474 SPACE Digest Volume 9 : Issue 474 Today's Topics: CRESCENT SIGHTING - Sun 4 June 1989, Orbital details etc. (Long) Re: Venus & the Greenhouse effect.. Re: Amazon Forest Destruction Aldrin & McConnell's MEN ON EARTH ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Sat, 3 Jun 1989 15:01:28 EDT From: Mohib N Durrani To: sky-fans@mintaka.lcs.mit.edu Cc: physics@unix.sri.com, space@angband.s1.gov, mnd@cunixb.cc.columbia.edu Subject: CRESCENT SIGHTING - Sun 4 June 1989, Orbital details etc. (Long) Bismillah hir-Rahman nir-Rahim ( I begin with the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful ) THE MUSLIM STUDENTS' ASSOCIATION (MSA) of COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 102 Earl Hall, Columbia University, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10027 SUBJECT: CRESCENT MOON: FIRST VISIBILITY (every lunar month) ************************************************************** NEXT CRESCENT (NEW) MOON: Sun 4 JUNE 1989 (*) for the 11th. Islamic Month of ZUL-QA'DA, 1409, the month starting on Mon 5 June 1989, for USA and S.America, possibly from points west of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and on Tue 6 June 1989, for all points West of Hawaii, till the places of first sighting of Sun 4 June. It is IMPOSSIBLE for the Crescent Moon to be visible on Sat 3 June 1989, worldwide. (*) Hilal (crescent) sightings would be in the evenings, at least 10 minutes after sunset, usually before 20 minutes, and upto 40 to 90 minutes after sunset; near and along the sun's path. We are conducting research/survey on the recorded WORLD-WIDE first sightings of the "CRESCENT MOON, FIRST VISIBILITY" in the evenings, for every lunar month. Some TECHNICAL INFO. is at the end. PHOTOGRAPHS / SLIDES ARE MOST WELCOME since they are very helpful in the research. Please also pass on the request to your friends who are interested in astronomy/physics and to your local amateur astronomy associations. We would very much like to hear from you. Please respond either by email or by letter. The survey results are to enhance the present ATMOSPHERIC MODEL and fine tune some parameters regarding SCATTERING/VISION. When reporting actual Crescent-Hilal sightings, (even if you do not see it) PLEASE INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: HILAL was visible to naked eye?......... Hilal sighted in binoculars?......... EXACT TIMES: Complete Sunset at......... Hilal First Visible....... End....... HEIGHT-Degrees: Hilal highest........... Hilal lowest (faded/set)............. ORIENTATION: Ends of Hilal Curve: Start at.......'O Clock:End at.....'O Clock (Right is 3'O Clock:Bottom is 6'O Clock: Left is 9'O Clock: Top is 12'O Clock) WEATHER condition: Rel.Humidity......... Temperature..... Pressure............ Sky near western horizon: Clear?........ Hazy?........... Cloudy?............. OBSERVER: Age.... Eyesight: Glasses?.... Far sighted?.... Near sighted?....... Name....................... Date........ Location............................. Thanks. Email to: mnd@cunixb.cc.columbia.edu (Mohib.N.Durrani) Mail: Dr.Mohib.N.Durrani Islamic Amateur Astronomers Association (Research Division) 601 West 113 Street, Suite 11-K Columbia University NEW YORK, N.Y. 10025 United States of America Some ORBITAL details for the SUN and MOON: Lunation No.: 822 NEW MOON (not crescent visible moon): 1989 June 3d 19h 53m UT (Universal Time) (Universal Time, i.e. mean solar time on the meridian of Greenwich) EQUATORIAL coords.(for 0h UT) ECLIPTIC coords.(for 0h UT) Date Sun Sun MOON MOON Sun MOON MOON JUNE R.A. Decl. R.A. Decl. Long. Long. Lat. '89 Alpha Delta Alpha Delta Lambda Lambda Beta hr deg hr deg deg deg deg 3 Sa 4.74 22.30 3.87 25.33 72.55 61.33 5.01 4 Su 4.81 22.39 4.93 27.46 73.51 75.80 4.81 5 Mo 4.88 22.48 6.00 27.75 74.47 89.97 4.31 1989 JUNE 4 (Sun) (event times are the approximate local mean times) (nearest) (+N,-S) (W) SUN MOON at Sunset CITY LAT LONG SET SET AGE-MOON SIGHTING ************* deg deg h m h m h m ********** MECCA-S.Arabia 20 320 18 36 19 31 20 03 MOST PROBABLE MOSCOW - USSR 56 320 20 38 22 17 22 05 MOST PROBABLE CAIRO - Egypt 30 330 18 57 20 01 21 04 MOST PROBABLE ISTANBUL-Turk 40 330 19 25 20 37 21 32 MOST PROBABLE CAPETOWN-S.Af -35 340 16 56 17 18 19 43 PROBABLE LAGOS-Nigeria 10 355 18 18 19 14 22 05 MOST PROBABLE % GREENWICH-Engl 50 0 20 03 21 34 24 10 MOST PROBABLE DAKAR-Senegal 10 20 18 18 19 18 23 45 MOST PROBABLE RIO DeJENEIRO -20 45 17 28 18 14 24 35 MOST PROBABLE PARAMARIBO-Suri 0 55 18 02 19 01 25 49 VISIBLE BUNOS ARESarg -35 60 16 56 17 32 25 03 MOST PROBABLE LIMA-Peru S.A -10 80 17 45 18 44 27 12 VISIBLE % (add 1 hr to event time, for summer DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME, from early April to end of October) For most of these cities (Mecca-Paramaribo) the Cresent may be VISIBLE on Sun 5 June 1989, hence the New Islamic Month of Zul Qa'da may start from Mon 6 June 1989. 1989 JUNE 4 (Sun) (event times are the approximate local mean times) (nearest) (+N,-S) (W) SUN MOON at Sunset CITY LAT LONG SET SET AGE-MOON SIGHTING ************* deg deg h m h m h m ********** % HALIFAX -CNDA 44 65 19 38 21 09 28 05 VISIBLE % NEW YORK -USA 40 75 19 25 20 53 28 32 VISIBLE % JACKSONVIL-Fl 30 80 18 57 20 19 28 24 VISIBLE % SAN DIEGO-USA 35 115 19 10 20 41 30 57 VISIBLE % SAN FRANCISCO 40 120 19 25 21 00 31 32 VISIBLE % VANCOUVER-CND 50 125 20 03 21 51 32 30 VISIBLE % ANCHORAGE-Als 62 150 21 36 0 28 35 43 VISIBLE % HONOLULU -Hwi 20 160 18 36 20 04 33 23 VISIBLE % (add 1 hr to event time, for summer DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME, from early April to end of October) When the CRESCENT is visible on Sun 4 JUNE 1989 anywhere from Halifax, New York, Maimi, San Diego, San Francisco, to Vancouver, then in the USA-CANADA the next Islamic month of Zul Qa'da starts on Mon 5 JUNE 1989. (INCREASE date one day, if crossing EAST TO WEST) ###################### INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE ###################### (DECREASE date one day, if crossing WEST TO EAST) 1989 JUNE 4 (Sun) (event times are the approximate local mean times) (nearest) (+N,-S) (W) SUN MOON at Sunset CITY LAT LONG SET SET AGE-MOON SIGHTING ************* deg deg h m h m h m ********** SIDNEY-Austra -35 210 16 56 16 56 11 03 IMPOSSIBLE TOKYO - Japan 35 220 19 10 19 57 13 57 DIFFICULT PEKING -China 40 245 19 25 20 21 15 52 PROBABLE JAKARTA-Indon -10 250 17 45 18 11 14 32 DIFFICULT DACCA -B.Desh 20 270 18 36 19 22 16 43 PROBABLE AGRA - India 30 280 18 57 19 52 17 44 PROBABLE PESHAWAR -Pak 35 290 19 10 20 10 18 37 PROBABLE BUKHARA -USSR 40 295 19 25 20 30 19 12 PROBABLE TEHRAN - Iran 35 310 19 10 20 14 19 57 PROBABLE For some of these cities (Sidney-Tehran) the Cresent may be VISIBLE on Sun 4 June 1989, hence the New Lunar Month of Zul Qa'da may start on Mon 5 June 1989. Please note that the Islamic dates start from sundown of a previous day. ISLAMIC GREGORIAN MOON - MOON - MOON - MOON - MOON SUN - EARTH YEAR YEAR (All times are in UT = Universal Time) MONTHS LUNA. NEW MOON MOON-PERIGEE MOON-APOGEE SUN/EARTH NO. (NOT visible) (nearest) (farthest) d h m d h d h d h 1409 1989 5 JUMA-I 817 JAN 7 19 22 JAN 10 23 JAN 27 00 JAN 1 22 Perihelion 6 JUMA-II 818 FEB 6 07 37 FEB 7 22 FEB 23 14 7 RAJAB 819 MAR 7 18 19 MAR 8 08 MAR 22 18 MAR 20 15 Equinox 8 SHABAN 820 APR 6 03 33 APR 5 20 APR 18 21 9 RAMADAN 821 MAY 5 11 46 MAY 4 05 MAY 16 09 10 SHAWWAL 822 JUN 3 19 53 JUN 1 05 JUN 13 02 JUN 21 10 Solstice *11 QADAH 823 JUL 3 04 59 JUN 28 04 JUL 10 21 JUL 4 12 Aphelion 12 HAJJ 824 AUG 1 16 06 JUL 23 07 AUG 7 15 1410 1 MUHARAM 825 AUG 31 05 44 AUG 19 12 SEP 4 08 SEP 23 01 Equinox 2 SAFR 826 SEP 29 21 47 SEP 16 15 OCT 1 20 3 RABI-I 827 OCT 29 15 27 OCT 15 01 OCT 28 22 4 RABI-II 828 NOV 28 09 41 NOV 12 13 NOV 25 04 5 JUMA-I 829 DEC 28 03 20 DEC 10 23 DEC 22 19 DEC 21 21 Solstice Perihelion = Earth Closest to Sun (Sun moving FASTEST in sky-Jan 1) Equinox = Earth has Equal Daylight and Darkness (Mar 20 & Sept 23) Solstice = Sun apparantly Stationary in Declination (Maximum of Summer-June 21 OR Minimum of Winter-Dec 21) Aphelion = Earth Farthest from Sun (Sun moving SLOWEST in sky-Jul 4) Perigee = Moon Closest to Earth (Moon moving FASTEST in sky) Apogee = Moon Farthest from Earth (Moon moving SLOWEST in sky) **************************************************************************** **************************************************************************** APPROXIMATIONS TO DIRECTION OF KA'BA (MECCA Saudi Arabia) In most places of the UNITED STATES of AMERICA, an approximation to the direction of KA'BA, to determine the direction of Salat (prayers), can be obtained by noting the direction of your shadow near the time of sunset. The direction in which your shadow goes is usually a little north of east. This is the direction in which salat can be performed, as an approximation. This direction changes during the different months of the year but is a good approximation when there is no magnetic compass to determine the exact direction. **************************************************************************** Copyright Dr.M.N.Durrani, 1989 Permission to copy for free distribution is granted to all, please do give credit and reference. Thanks For further information, please feel free to contact: Mail: Dr.Mohib.N.Durrani Islamic Amateur Astronomers Association (Research Division) 601 West 113 Street, Suite 11-K Columbia University NEW YORK, N.Y. 10025 United States of America Email to: mnd@cunixb.cc.columbia.edu (Mohib.N.Durrani) ***************************** End of Document ****************************** ------------------------------ Date: 3 Jun 89 20:44:57 GMT From: bucsb!ckd@bu-cs.bu.edu (Christopher Davis) Subject: Re: Venus & the Greenhouse effect.. In article <10957@orstcs.CS.ORST.EDU> kstclair@jacobs.CS.ORST.EDU.UUCP (Kelly St.Clair) writes: - > [Is there any reason that Venus could not be cooled and terraformed?] - - Is there any reason (besides needing space so that we can keep breeding like - flies)s) that we should? Let's see... ever read a book called _Lucifer's Hammer_? It's about what might happen if a large comet struck the earth. [It's not exactly paradise.] I believe the proverb "Don't keep all your eggs in one basket" applies. - Most important of all: - Is there anything that gives us the *RIGHT* to remake another world in our - own image? Good question. What gives us the right to do anything? What gives me the right to use electricity to read, say, rec.humor, instead of using it to light mud huts in Africa? - (Old discussion, I know, but I thought it should be said...) Old, perhaps. Interesting, still. (IMHO.) -- Chris Davis ! ckd@{bu-pub,bucsb,bucsf}.bu.edu ! Disclaimer: you know. Student Consultant ! smghy6c@buacca.{bitnet, bu.edu} ! I don't agree with BU Boston University ! ckd@bucsb.UUCP ! and they reciprocate. -- "I think I need a really good quote to put in my .signature." CKD -- ------------------------------ Date: 1 Jun 89 12:09:16 GMT From: mcvax!ukc!reading!cf-cm!cybaswan!iiit-sh@uunet.uu.net (Steve Hosgood) Subject: Re: Amazon Forest Destruction In article <8@hiker.UUCP> starr@hiker.UUCP (Michael Starr) writes: >Has space photos of the depleted ozone layer over Antartica stopped >the "civilized" population of the planet from recharging their >car air conditioners with Freon? > We don't have that many car air conditioners over here - at 51 degrees North you don't often need them! We do of course have fridges, aerosol cans etc etc. I've been *most* surprised at the speed of the reaction from the average guy on the street in Britain (and I think the rest of Europe's doing the same sort of thing) concerning ozone. Sales of aerosol cans fell through the floor when the ozone-hole thing got into the headlines in the winter. Now, only a few months later you see labels claiming 'ozone friendly' on all sorts of products that contain anything that resembles a solvent. Car wax, shoe shine wax, aerosols, paint - you name it! Joe Public is forcing a *big* change in things here. Even the traditionally hard-nosed government we've got here at the moment has done some spectacular U-turns on certain things recently. >If we want to stop the destruction in a country which probably >suffers from the worse economy on earth we have to do it by >giving the Brazilians an economic alternative. In other words, >the price will have to come out of all of our pockets if we >want to maintain a resource which affects the whole planet. > That's fair enough. "Our" money (i.e. World Bank's) put the roads into the forest, I suppose "our" money ought to be used to fix the problem, but how? On the whole, money can't buy such solutions. Steve ------------------------------ Date: 3 Jun 89 21:58:09 GMT From: bfmny0!tneff@uunet.uu.net (Tom Neff) Subject: Aldrin & McConnell's MEN ON EARTH RRR (recently read & recommended) Dept.: MEN FROM EARTH, by Buzz Aldrin and Malcom McConnell (Bantam 1989). 312pp. with index. ISBN 0-553-05374-4; Lib. Cong. number TL789.8.U6A49 (that's a Cataloging In Publication [CIP] number, which sometimes changes when libraries stock it). About $19 in hardcover now, I wouldn't expect softcover for another 9-12 mos. In brief - a must for your space library. Aldrin was an early exemplar of the scientist/engineer astronaut as opposed to the Gordo Cooper "right stuff" test pilot model. His doctoral work at MIT on orbital rendezvous laid important groundwork for Apollo even before he became an astronaut. MEN FROM EARTH covers the space race from Peenemunde to Tranquillity Base comprehensively and with *no* wasted motion. Obviously the central attraction is Aldrin's account of Apollo 11 itself. But there is much valuable stuff on Mercury, Gemini and also the competing Soviet effort. Aldrin draws on Oberg and other recent Western accounts of Soviet space history for this side, but also on declassified Soviet stuff and interviews with Soviet scientists. What really excites is the juxtaposition in time, switching from Houston to Tyuratam to the White House as events progress. The sense of a *race* is completely convincing here. A word on McConnell - this is not just a dumb ghost writer playing the "as told to" game with a tongue tied celeb. He is a "name" in his own right -- his CHALLENGER: A MAJOR MALFUNCTION has pride of place on my shelf next to Henry SF Cooper's THIRTEEN: THE FLIGHT THAT FAILED as a definitive account of US space crises. The fusion of his talent with Aldrin's knowledge has yielded an amazingly crisp book. --- Table of Contents --- Prologue: LUNAR MODULE EAGLE Introduction: CAPE CANAVERAL Chapter One: THE RACE BEGINS Chapter Two: KRUSHCHEV'S GAMBIT, AMERICA'S RESPONSE Chapter Three: "LEAD-FOOTED MERCURY" Chapter Four: KENNEDY'S CHALLENGE Chapter Five: SKIRMISHES Chapter Six: STRATEGY Chapter Seven: VOSHKOD VERSUS GEMINI Chapter Eight: GEMINI TRIUMPHANT Chapter Nine: YEAR OF DISASTERS Chapter Ten: APOLLO RECOVERS Chapter Eleven: APOLLO TRIUMPHANT Chapter Twelve: THE LAST LAP Chapter Thirteen: TRANQUILLITY BASE Epilogue: VENTURING OUTWARD Acknowledgments References Notes Index -- Tom Neff UUCP: ...!uunet!bfmny0!tneff "Truisms aren't everything." Internet: tneff@bfmny0.UU.NET ------------------------------ End of SPACE Digest V9 #474 *******************