Return-path: X-Andrew-Authenticated-as: 7997;andrew.cmu.edu;Ted Anderson Received: from hogtown.andrew.cmu.edu via trymail for +dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr11/tm2b/space/space.dl@andrew.cmu.edu (->+dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr11/tm2b/space/space.dl) (->ota+space.digests) ID ; Thu, 11 Apr 91 02:00:58 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: Precedence: junk Reply-To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU From: space-request+@Andrew.CMU.EDU To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU Date: Thu, 11 Apr 91 02:00:53 -0400 (EDT) Subject: SPACE Digest V13 #392 SPACE Digest Volume 13 : Issue 392 Today's Topics: Re: Government vs. Commercial R&D SPACEWARN Bulletin No. SPX-449 Administrivia: Submissions to the SPACE Digest/sci.space should be mailed to space+@andrew.cmu.edu. Other mail, esp. [un]subscription requests, should be sent to space-request+@andrew.cmu.edu, or, if urgent, to tm2b+@andrew.cmu.edu ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: 8 Apr 91 15:10:04 GMT From: mintaka!think.com!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!unix.cis.pitt.edu!pitt!nss!Paul.Blase@bloom-beacon.mit.edu (Paul Blase) Subject: Re: Government vs. Commercial R&D to: szabo@crg5.UUCP (Nick Szabo) >> >> NS> If understand your point, it is that government money is >> NS> needed, not necessarily government lab work. >> >>More than just government money, rather a market for the first product >>from a technology. NS> Hold on. If a market doesn't exist, why are you building the NS> thing in the first place? A government is the poorest judge of NS> markets I can think of, bar none. No markets. How many commercial markets were there for rockets, aircraft, or radar? My general thesis is that it is the government that IS the initial market for such things, which in turn allows the industry to figure out how to manufacture them in an economical fashion for the private sector. Don't forget that the government, the military in particular, is in the unique position of being able to say: "This must be done, no matter what the cost" (well, up to a certain point, anyway). >> NS> The patent >> NS> statistics and analysis of major inventions show that industry >> NS> does indeed develop first products, sometimes with some >> NS> government money, sometimes not, but nearly always without >> NS> government intervention in the design process. >> >>First of all, a patent has nothing to do with whether or not a technology >>is actually on the market. There are lots of patents for things that >>never made it out of the lab. NS> Do you seriously think government patents have more chance of NS> getting on the market than private patents? If anything, the NS> patent statistics greatly understate the efficiencies of NS> private R&D. What does that have to do with anything? Actually, as far as I know, the government itself hold few patents. The current practice is to let the inventor have the actual patent with the government holding a non-exclusive license (and yes, this holds true for people working in government labs; it's called incentive). NS> A review of the statistics: of U.S. patents granted in 1989, NS> 79,088 (76%) were issued to corporations, 23,624 (23%) to NS> private individuals, and 700 (1%) to governments. Some of the NS> corporate and individual patents are aided directly or NS> indirectly by government money, of course. But the bottom line NS> is that direct DoD, NASA, DOE, etc. work accounts for only a NS> very small fraction of our technological advances. See above. Evidently you are very unfamilier with the work that goes on in military and other government-funded labs. NS> [story about how government is involved in his R&D project] NS> This is fine, but with all due respect you have not NS> demonstrated that all this R&D effort is in any way productive, NS> much less that it is _more_ productive than a privately NS> directed effort. No private organization would have funded it in the first place, too much long term R&D has been required and the technology is too radical (for the potential market). Yes it is productive, we anticipate having a usable product (usable in the field as opposed to just in the lab, that is) within 3 years. What precisely do mean by productive? --- via Silver Xpress V2.26 [NR] -- Paul Blase - via FidoNet node 1:129/104 UUCP: ...!pitt!nss!Paul.Blase INTERNET: Paul.Blase@nss.FIDONET.ORG ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 10 Apr 91 10:12:12 ADT To: "Space Digest" From: Richard Langley Subject: SPACEWARN Bulletin No. SPX-449 The SPACEWARN Bulletin is prepared by Chee-ming Wong World Data Center A for Rockets and Satellites Code 930.2 Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD 20771 Phone: (301) 286-9795 Telex: 89675 SPAN: NSSDCA::WONG The four most recent bulletins are available via anonymous FTP from NSSDCA.GSFC.NASA.GOV (128.183.10.4) in directory ANON_DIR:[000000.ACTIVE.SPX] ********************* SPACEWARN BULLETIN SPX-449 March 25, 1991 SPACEWARN Activities -------------------- (All information in this publication was received between February 26 and March 25, 1991.) A. List of New International Designations and Launch Dates. ------------------------------------------------------- (HQ USSPACECOM Catalog numbers are in parentheses.) 1991-022A (21196) MOLNIYA 3-40 Mar 22 1991-016A (21143) COSMOS 2136 Mar 06 021A (21190) COSMOS 2137 Mar 19 015A (21139) ASTRA 1-B Mar 02 020A (21188) PROGRESS M-7 Mar 19 015B (21140) MOP-2 Mar 02 019A (21152) NADEZHDA-3 Mar 12 014A (21132) RADUGA 27 Feb 28 018A (21149) INMARSAT-2 Mar 08 013A (21130) COSMOS 2135 Feb 26 017A (21147) USA 69 Mar 08 B. Text of Launching Announcements. ------------------------------- 1991-022A MOLNIYA 3-40, a communications satellite, was launched on March 22, 1991, by the U.S.S.R. using a Molniya booster rocket. Initial orbital parameters: period 11 hr 41 min, apogee 39,082 km in the northern hemisphere, perigee 468 km in the southern hemisphere, inclination 62.8 deg. 1991-021A COSMOS 2137 was launched on March 19, 1991, by the U.S.S.R., using a Soyuz booster rocket. Initial orbital parameters: period 94.0 min, apogee 495 km, perigee 448 km, inclination 65.9 deg. 1991-020A PROGRESS M-7 was launched on March 19, 1991, by the U.S.S.R. The spacecraft's mission is to deliver expendable materials and other cargo to the MIR station. Initial orbital parameters: period 88.4 min, apogee 230 km, perigee 190 km, inclination 51.6 deg. 1991-019A NADEZHDA-3, a navigation satellite, was launched on March 12, 1991, by the U.S.S.R., using a Cosmos booster rocket. 1991-018A IMMARSAT-2, a communication satellite built by British Aerospace for International Maritime Satellite Organization, was launched by the U.S. on March 8, 1991, using a Delta booster rocket. 1991-016A COSMOS 2136 was launched on March 6, 1991, by the U.S.S.R. using a Soyuz booster rocket. Initial orbital parameters: period 90.2 min, apogee 336 km, perigee 257 km, inclination 62.9 deg. 1991-015A ASTRA 1-B, a direct television satellite, was launched for Luxembourg by the European Space Agency on March 2, 1991, using an Ariane booster rocket. Initial orbital parameters: period 717.5 min, apogee 35,853 km, perigee 4534 km, inclination 3.9 deg. 1991-015B MOP-2, a meteorological satellite, was launched on March 2, 1991, by ESA using the same Ariane booster rocket as used for the ASTRA 1-B. Initial orbital parameters: period 1431.6 min, apogee 35,963 km, perigee 35,433 km, inclination 1.1 deg. 1991-013A COSMOS 2135 was launched on February 26, 1991, by the U.S.S.R. using a Cosmos booster rocket. Initial orbital parameters: period 104.5 min, apogee 1034 km, perigee 953 km, inclination 82.8 deg. 1991-014A RADUGA 27 was launched on February 28, 1991, by the U.S.S.R. using a Proton booster rocket. The onboard relay apparatus is designed to ensure telephone and telegraph radio communications. Initial orbital parameters: period 1396 min, distance from the earths surface 34,994 km, inclination 1.4 deg. C. Spacecraft Particularly Suited for International Participation (Category I). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Spacecraft with essentially continuous radio beacons on frequencies less ------------------------------------------------------------------------ than 150 MHz, or higher frequencies if especially suited for ionospheric or --------------------------------------------------------------------------- geodetic studies. ---------------- ("NNSS" denotes U.S. Navy Navigational Satellite System; brackets indicate updated information since the last issue. Spacewarn would appreciate suggestions to update this list.) Frequency, Power, Designation National Name and Orbit Information Remarks ----------- ------------- --------------------- ------- 1966-110A ATS 1 June 16, 1988 Weak signals. VHF 137.35 MHz translator on ~12 hr/ Inclination: 14.0 deg day 1967-111A ATS 3 June 16, 1988 Weak signals. 136.37 MHz 137.35 MHz Location: 105 deg W Inclination: 12.1 deg 1973-081A OSCAR (NAV) 20 September 15, 1988 Operational transit. 150 MHz at 0.75 W (Also known as NNSS 400 MHz at 1.25 W 30200) Inclination: 89.9 deg 1975-100A GOES 1 December 27, 1990 136.38 MHz Location: 91.1 deg W Inclination: 10.1 deg 1977-014A KIKU 2 October 9, 1990 (Also known as ETS 2) 136.11 MHz Location: 127.1 deg E Inclination: 9.4 deg 1977-048A GOES 2 December 30, 1990 136.38 MHz Location: 60.3 deg W Inclination: 8.6 deg 1978-012A IUE January 7, 1991 136.86 MHz Inclination: 32.653 deg 1978-062A GOES 3 November 11, 1990 136.38 MHz Location: 176.0 deg W Inclination: 7.3 deg 1981-044A NOVA I September 15, 1988 Operational transit. 150 MHz at 3.00 W (Also known as NNSS 400 MHz at 5.00 W 30480) Inclination: 90.0 deg 1981-057A METEOSAT 2 February 7, 1991 137.078 MHz Location: 10 deg W Inclination: 3.8 deg 1984-110A NOVA III September 15, 1988 Operational transit. 150 MHz at 3.00 W (Also known as NNSS 400 MHz at 5.00 W 30500) Inclination: 90.0 deg 1984-114B MARECS-B2 December 26, 1990 137.17 MHz Location: 55.5 deg W Inclination: 1.8 deg 1984-123A NOAA 9 January 9, 1991 137.62 MHz Inclination: 99.172 deg 1985-066B OSCAR (NAV) 30 September 15, 1988 Operational transit. 150 MHz at 1.00 W (Also known as NNSS 400 MHz at 2.00 W 30300) Inclination: 89.9 deg 1986-073A NOAA 10 January 3, 1991 137.50 MHz Inclination: 98.582 deg 1986-088A POLAR BEAR September 15, 1988 Experimental. 150 MHz at 0.75 W (Also known as NNSS 400 MHz at 1.25 W 30170) Inclination: 89.9 deg 1987-080A OSCAR (NAV) 27 December 5, 1988 Operational transit. 150 MHz at 0.75 W (Also known as NNSS 400 MHz at 1.25 W 30270) Inclination: 90.3 deg 1987-080B OSCAR (NAV) 29 December 5, 1988 Stored in orbit at an 150 MHz at 0.75 W offset frequency. 400 MHz at 1.25 W (Also known as NNSS Inclination: 90.3 deg 30290) 1988-033A OSCAR (NAV) 23 January 31, 1989 Operational transit. 150 MHz at 0.75 W (Also known as NNSS 400 MHz at 1.25 W 30230) Inclination: 90.4 deg 1988-033B OSCAR (NAV) 32 September 15, 1988 Stored in orbit at an 150 MHz at 1.00 W offset frequency. 400 MHz at 2.00 W (Also known as NNSS Inclination: 90.4 deg 30320) 1988-051A METEOSAT 3 February 7, 1991 Turned-on when beacon 137.080 MHz of METEOSAT 2 is Location: 3 deg W turned-off and vice versa. 1988-052A NOVA II September 15, 1988 Operational transit. 150 MHz at 3.00 W (Also known as NNSS 400 MHz at 5.00 W 30490) Inclination: 90.0 deg 1988-074A OSCAR (NAV) 25 September 15, 1988 Stored in orbit at an 150 MHz at 0.75 W offset frequency. 400 MHz at 1.25 W (Also known as NNSS Inclination: 90.0 deg 30250) 1988-074B OSCAR (NAV) 31 March 8, 1990 Stored in orbit at an 150 MHz at 1.00 W offset frequency. 400 MHz at 2.00 W (Also known as NNSS Inclination: 98.971 deg 30130) 1988-089A NOAA 11 January 11, 1991 136.77 MHz 137.77 MHz Inclination: 99.010 deg 2. Optical objects used for geophysical studies. -------------------------------------------- (These objects are also suitable for studies of air density and atmospheric winds. Additional research interest is indicated by + for gravitational fields. SPACEWARN would appreciate suggestions to update this list.) + 1965-098C ALOUETTE 2 (rocket) 1970-034B CHINA 1 (rocket) 1971-016A COSMOS 398 + 1984-106A COSMOS 1603 + 1988-021B IRS-1A (rocket) 3. Satellites useful for simultaneous observation programs with small ------------------------------------------------------------------ cameras. ------- ("NNN" denotes no national name. SPACEWARN would appreciate suggestions to update this list.) Apogee Perigee Incl (km) (km) Magn Remarks ---- ------ ------- ---- ------- 1963-049A NNN 89.9 1086 1060 +5 cylinder, 4.8 x 1.4 m 1964-001A NNN 69.9 927 904 +5 cylinder, 8 x 1.5 m 1964-053A COSMOS 44 65.1 817 608 +4 cylinder 1965-070F COSMOS 56.1 1515 1357 +5 rocket body 1965-073F COSMOS 56.1 1686 1387 +5 rocket body 1965-089A GEOS 1 59.4 2275 1113 octahedron and pyramid, 0.81 x 1.22 m 1968-002A GEOS 2 105.8 1570 1082 octahedron and pyramid, 0.81 x 1.22 m 1975-027A GEOS 3 115.0 858 818 octahedron and pyramid, 1.11 x 1.22 m 1976-039A LAGEOS 109.8 5946 5837 sphere, 0.6 m diameter 4. Satellite objects that are nearing their decay into the atmosphere. ------------------------------------------------------------------ (Orbital observations of these objects during the decaying phase are useful for atmospheric studies.) Objects predicted to decay within 60 days from March 15, 1991 ------------------------------------------------------------- Expected Decay Dates 1991 ------------------------- 1963-047M Apr 15 1979-017KL May 06 1967-027A (COSMOS 151) May 05 1981-053EN Mar 26 1968-097DX Apr 05 1986-019AX Apr 10 1970-025LK Apr 02 1989-096D Apr 01 1970-025LY Apr 03 1990-096A (COSMOS 2103) Apr 01 1972-058EA May 06 1990-113A (COSMOS 2113) Mar 25 1972-058JD Apr 08 1991-005C Apr 26 1975-004FV May 07 1991-011A (COSMOS 2134) Apr 04 5. Actual decays. ------------- Actual Decay Dates 1991 ----------------------- 1961-OMI 167 Feb 24 1987-020S Feb 18 1970-025JV Mar 13 1989-096B Mar 09 1970-025LP Mar 18 1990-068C Mar 18 1971-015BJ Feb 25 1990-081B (PRC 31) Mar 11 1971-015BP Mar 19 1990-104D Feb 23 1971-015CM Feb 28 1990-104E Mar 06 1971-015DT Feb 27 1990-104F Mar 10 1972-058L Mar 16 1990-104G Mar 10 1972-058FG Mar 07 1990-104H Mar 10 1976-126BH Mar 05 1990-105E Feb 23 1977-065H Feb 25 1990-105K Mar 02 1978-026BM Mar 13 1990-105Q Mar 18 1978-026HG Mar 22 1990-105S Mar 09 1979-017AL Feb 27 1990-105Z Mar 11 1980-030W Feb 26 1991-002A (PROGRESS M-6) Mar 15 1980-030AH Mar 10 1991-004C Feb 21 1981-053AH Mar 04 1991-012B Feb 26 1981-100A (SME) Mar 05 1991-014B Feb 02 1983-044AL Mar 22 1991-014C Feb 28 1986-017CV Mar 18 1991-016A (COSMOS 2136) Mar 20 1986-017CW Mar 05 1991-016B Mar 17 1986-017CX Mar 01 1991-016C Mar 08 1986-017CY Feb 24 1991-016D Mar 09 1986-019JP Mar 02 1991-016E Mar 22 1986-019KN Feb 25 1991-016G Mar 21 1987-020K Mar 02 1991-020B Mar 20 D. Launching reports and Updated Information. ----------------------------------------- 1. Updated Information ------------------- 1991-010A (21111) COSMOS 2133 Initial orbital parameters: period 1436.1 min, apogee 35,813 km, perigee 35,760 km, inclination 2.3 deg. 1991-011A (21116) COSMOS 2134 Initial parameters: period 89.2 min, apogee 259 km, perigee 206 km, inclination 64.7 deg. ============================================================================== Richard B. Langley BITnet: LANG@UNB.CA or SE@UNB.CA Geodetic Research Laboratory Phone: (506) 453-5142 Dept. of Surveying Engineering Telex: 014-46202 University of New Brunswick FAX: (506) 453-4943 Fredericton, N.B., Canada E3B 5A3 ============================================================================== ------------------------------ End of SPACE Digest V13 #392 *******************