Date: Fri, 21 Aug 92 05:06:48 From: Space Digest maintainer Reply-To: Space-request@isu.isunet.edu Subject: Space Digest V15 #131 To: Space Digest Readers Precedence: bulk Space Digest Fri, 21 Aug 92 Volume 15 : Issue 131 Today's Topics: Inflatable Space Stations - Why Not ? Jupiter's Arrow: An Economical SETI Strategy NASA statement on Earth Data System proposals [NTE 92-71] (Forwarded) Soyuz as ACRV Universe Shape Welcome to the Space Digest!! Please send your messages to "space@isu.isunet.edu", and (un)subscription requests of the form "Subscribe Space " to one of these addresses: listserv@uga (BITNET), rice::boyle (SPAN/NSInet), utadnx::utspan::rice::boyle (THENET), or space-REQUEST@isu.isunet.edu (Internet). ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: 20 Aug 92 13:59:37 GMT From: Gary Coffman Subject: Inflatable Space Stations - Why Not ? Newsgroups: sci.space In article <1992Aug19.183403.1527@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu> jrm@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu writes: >Whatever became of the idea of inflatable space habitats/workstations ? [deleted] > >What's the problem ? Is this perhaps a TOO CHEAP solution - meaning that >the contractors couldn't steal enough money during development ? If we >want nice BIG space stations, with loads of internal room, with easy >expandability ... inflatable spheres sound like the economical solution. >Any feedback on this ? Large low mass structures at LEO don't stay in orbit very long. In ballistic terms their Sectional Density is lousy. At higher orbits, balloons don't offer enough radiation shielding. A lot of assembly work is required to move equipment in and anchor it to hard points unless the balloon is equipped with a rigid internal truss capable of taking launch stresses and that drives up costs. Other than that Mrs. Lincoln, how did you like the play? Gary ------------------------------ Date: 20 Aug 92 15:49:57 GMT From: Jeff Bytof Subject: Jupiter's Arrow: An Economical SETI Strategy Newsgroups: sci.space JUPITER'S ARROW: AN ECONOMICAL STRATEGY FOR INITIATING INTERSTELLAR COMMUNICATION Jeff Bytof University of California, San Diego Mail Code 0230 La Jolla, CA 92093 Abstract: A strategy is outlined that allows the effort expended by a civilization seeking to establish interstellar communication with us to be minimized. The method uses a time reference based on the orbital motion of Jupiter to coordinate signal transmission, acquisition and acknowledgement. Signals beamed at Earth from another technological civilization may not be "on" continuously. This is because of the understandable need to minimize the cost of a project that has no guarantee of success (1). However, intermittent signaling presents a difficulty if we do not know the sender's schedule, or are not observing the sky omnidirectionally (2). If brief, infrequent yet periodic incoming signals are assumed to be coordinated with a cyclical process observable by both the sender and receiver, a matching search strategy can be formulated. Possible timing mechanisms of interest suitable for signal coordination have been discussed (3). It has also been proposed that the Sun and Jupiter, the largest and most visible objects in our Solar System, be employed as a likely timing method (4). In this report, a technique is outlined utilizing the Sun-Jupiter timing system to minimize the efforts of sender and receiver by coordinating the transmission, receipt and acknowledgement of a signal sent to us for the purpose of establishing contact. As seen from the center of our Solar System, Jupiter, as a result of its orbital motion around the Sun, achieves minimum angular separation from each star once every 11.86 years. Figure 1 shows where the loci of minimum separations project on our sky as a function of year. By this strategy, signals would be timed to arrive here when Jupiter was closest to a sender's direction as viewed heliocentrically. Our task as listeners is to look in the potential sender's direction for a brief period at the time of his star's minimum heliocentric separation with Jupiter. Hence, the Sun-Jupiter vector acts as an obvious indicator or "arrow" towards the set of directions we should search. For the sender to properly "navigate" signals to us, he must make telescopic observations to determine the distance to our Solar System and be able to calculate the future position of Jupiter to a desired level of accuracy. The sender must also estimate the probable error in the arrival time of the signal, because this determines the minimum message duration that will result in a high probability of being received by us at the time we might be expected to be looking for it. It is likely that a sender of a message across interstellar space would be interested in receiving a meaningful and appropriately timed reply. The message we receive may contain instructions for us to transmit an acknowledgement at a specific moment, corrected for his timing errors. If our acknowledgement is sent properly, it would arrive at the sender's receiver within a pre-planned time window, thus dramatically reducing the amount of dedicated instrument time that he needs to spend checking for replies from our direction. As defined, the "Jupiter's Arrow" strategy requires the sender to make only one transmission and reply check in our direction every 11.86 years. Any increase in the quality of his knowledge of the distance and dynamics of our Solar System would further reduce arrival-time error, thereby minimizing the duration of transmission and monitoring periods, freeing the sender to use his instruments for other tasks almost all of the time. As searchers adhering to the Jupiter's Arrow strategy, we need to examine each direction at the proper time only once, given that a sender is actually transmitting with the strategy and we are using a receiver with the correct frequency and adequate sensitivity. Missed signals would repeat every 11.86 years, ensuring that even a search making a small number of observations per year would eventually succeed. REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. S. von Hoerner, Science 134, 1839 (1961). 2. J. Pfleiderer, AIAA Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics 110, 305 (1988); R. H. Gray, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 43, 531 (1990). 3. Objects proposed for timers include supernovae, variable stars and double stars [W. I. McLaughlin, Icarus 32, 464 (1977); G. W. Pace and J. C. G. Walker, Nature 254, 400 (1975); T. B. Tang, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 29, 469 (1976)]. 4. C. E. Singer, Cosmic Search 4, 22 (1982). 5. I thank Andrew Buffington, Stanley Miller, David Newton, Alan Schneider, Woodruff Sullivan and Jill Tarter for helpful discussions. * * * Fig. 1. Isochrones of minimum heliocentric Jupiter-star angular separation projected on our sky. A planetary ephemeris was used to determine the time of Jupiter's minimum separation with each star. The times of minimum separation are summarized by search curves for January 1st of each year from 1992 to 2002. Circles represent stars brighter than magnitude 4.5. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Following is a uuencoded, compressed ascii PostScript version of Figure 1. On a Unix system, the command sequence to extract it should be: undecode this_file uncompress ljplot.ps.Z lpr ljplot.ps (to a PostScript printer) The version of PostScript *should* be fairly portable! 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MY>,.@=F"B2XQ"/!8Y]9C@K5`2M,`J#5D6CZ6#Y,":^UX-?`:_\E+K6T^U]UU=,UFX@F+ALH!F8[7V75FVURS MU_L6VYDL%@OL]0Q2+,21C"%\+11XURB`#8`2KR_6#GZ]7-.9+W%8=UYG;[9# M3KI>/RD2-H&-%!C8?\:E@0*O6"&H+P"A4UR\V,U-B-]<1K:A",T.W_O7S10DZPMLUBAU?J]@H M0-K08I\]"5I^S5S7F='7I/.Z,C"01HGS]=IDO<:,+5\+&D+!DIUCQU;:-67M M8YO7;Z'*85Y/(_"2>JAE(]E?`XY-^NC+83;Q@Y'PTD"VSO*D3-1@<9$-66_9 M*,`6XV:[-=&(DPUA-P1=KH_M-%/9A3::[8=DV=SU@2U?(ZC=XI]ML!#8<;:- M/6OT&2DV9(L"&`%1A0N`+0@9X%6L"W@VK[!NQ!:UV85!*4]M#0!H@!X@&[@'7D!G$!YC!2\!PFP1B0$(@5="97\&]X'.G KUN2+T(U@.PAG`)%1!_P$!4>I8%J+B4H"DU!J6-T&@JGQ:3S Subject: NASA statement on Earth Data System proposals [NTE 92-71] (Forwarded) Newsgroups: sci.space In article <1538@hsvaic.boeing.com> eder@hsvaic.boeing.com (Dani Eder) writes: >strider@acm.rpi.edu (Greg Moore) writes: > Ah, NO... I did NOT write the following... >>> NASA has elected, therefore, to offer an additional >>>opportunity for offerers in the competitive range to >>>adjust the proposed costs to a more realistic level. In >>>instructions issued by the Goddard Space Flight Center >>>on Aug.10, 1992, as an amendment to the solicitation, >>>NASA has directed the offerers to submit revised cost >>>proposals. Changes to the previously submitted technical >>>and business management proposals will not be >>>considered. [rest deleted for brevity] > >Dani > >> >-- >Dani Eder/Boeing/Advanced Civil Space/(205)464-2697(w)/232-7467(h)/ >Rt.1, Box 188-2, Athens AL 35611/Member: Space Studies Institute >Physical Location: 34deg 37' N 86deg 43' W +100m alt. >***THE ABOVE IS NOT THE OPINION OF THE BOEING COMPANY OR ITS MANAGEMENT.*** -- <-------------------------------------------------------------------------> Greg d. Moore | Strider@acm.rpi.edu Green Mountain Software | "All that is gold does not glitter." Carpe Diem | ------------------------------ Date: 20 Aug 92 13:40:30 GMT From: Gary Coffman Subject: Soyuz as ACRV Newsgroups: sci.space In article jch+@cs.cmu.edu (Jonathan Hardwick) writes: > >Uh-huh. Wings are great for getting back down cheaply. Wings suck >for getting up there in the first place. Spam-in-a-can is going to be >economically justified for a long time to come, and if the US space >program sticks exclusively with winged vehicles, it's going to be >throwing money away that could be used for something else. Yeah but I'd rather have an operational space transporter than higher VA benefits. Gary ------------------------------ Date: 20 Aug 92 03:31:55 GMT From: AAA Subject: Universe Shape Newsgroups: sci.physics,sci.astro,sci.space I just started reading Riordan and Schramm's book on dark matter, the universe, and stuff (_Shadows of Creation_), and I already have a couple of questions - I am not a physicist or a cosmologist... Within the first 30 pages, R & S describe this theory of a "flat" universe which matches very well with the "inflationary" universe hypothesis of Guth. As I understand it, R & S also feel that most physicists believe that the universe is flat, which in symbols would mean that Omega (critical density over actual density) is 1. Of course there is still a huge search on to prove this, since our measurements yield Omega=0.1 or so, right? If in a closed universe, we could travel in a "straight" line and end up back where we started, and in an open universe we couldn't... then what happens in a flat universe? I'm not sure if I understood R & S correctly, but is it accurate to say that the inflationary universe scenario starts out with Omega less than 1 (so the universe is closed), then as it "inflates", Omega rapidly approaches 1 so that expansion forever continues BUT the universe remains closed? I apologize for any errors in my question, and I do realize these questions may have no answer yet...but thanks in advance for any help. Please reply by email: aabdalla@pollux.usc.edu AAA ------------------------------ End of Space Digest Volume 15 : Issue 131 ------------------------------