ABSTRACT OF A SUBMITTED PAPER - NOT FOR QUOTATION OR CITATION Tidal disruption of Periodic Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 and a constraint on its mean density Alan P. Boss Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington DC 20015, USA The spectacular break-up of Periodic Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 into multiple pieces following passage within the Roche limit of Jupiter in July 1992 appears to have been caused by tidal disruption of the comet by the gravitational field of Jupiter. Theoretical models of the tidal disruption of small, inviscid bodies are consistent with tidal disruption being the cause of the comet's break-up, provided that the comet's pre-encounter mean density was not large. The theoretical models place an upper bound on the density rho_c of the comet of rho_c < 0.85 rho_J, where rho_J = 1.33 g cm^-3 is the mean density of Jupiter; hence rho_c < 1.1 g cm^-3. This upper bound is inconsistent with comets being composed of solid (zero porosity) ``dirty ices'' with rho > 1.3 g cm^{-3}, but is consistent with the much lower densities estimated from outgassing to lie in the range from ~0.2 to 0.7 g cm^{-3}. For further details conatct Alan. On span: 6.819::boss MA, 93 Aug 18 Clementine plans for the event The Clementine mission is a joint effort of the SDIO (now BMDO) office and NASA-SSED. This mission spends two months orbiting the moon in a polar orbit to map the entire surface and then carries out a flyby of the asteroid Geographos. At the time of the Great Comet Crash of 94, Clementine will be roughly midway between the moon and Geographos. The distance from Earth is a few million miles so the aspect is not significantly different from that of Earth itself but the spacecraft does have a number of cameras operating at different wavelengths. The cameras all have limited angular resolution (of order one arcmin) since they were designed to provide good linear resolution from only a short distance away. The science team for Clementine, which was selected in a peer-review process earlier this year, is led by Gene Shoemaker, one of the discoverers of the comet. This team is beginning to plan what observations they will make. MA, 93.7.23 A session on comet 1993e and Jupiter is being planned by Nick Schneider for this October's DPS meeting. This will probably occur early in the week and will begin with talks and then go into a discussion/planning session. Nick will post details here when the session is organized. MA, 93Jul02 DPS Special Session on Shoemaker-Levy Impact Most of the afternoon of Monday, 18 October will be devoted to Shoemaker-Levy and its impact into Jupiter. Gene Shoemaker will present an invited overview of the topic, which will be followed by a break for related posters. Next will come two hours of contributed talks on the comet and its expected effects on the Jupiter system. There are no competing oral sessions for the invited and contributed talks. The afternoon closes with an hour for discussion of the preceding talks and of observing strategies for the big event. Related sessions have been scheduled as close to this special session as possible: Jupiter talks on Mon/Tues, and Comet talks on Tues. Please contact me for more information: Nick Schneider (Progam Chair), nick@pele.colorado.edu, 303-492-7672, -6946(fax). NOW SCHEDULED FOR 2 NOVEMBER at ESO - Garching bei Muenchen Richard West has informed me that the workshop is now definitely scheduled for 2 November. Details regarding the program and arrangements will be provided in a week or two. MA, 93 Sep 10 _________________________________________________________________ Re: Informal Workshop on Observations of 1993e at ESO in July 1994 To: All interested parties We are planning to arrange a small, informal workshop on the subject of observations of the 1993e encounter with Jupiter in July 1994, to be carried out at the European Southern Observatory at La Silla, Chile. The ESO management has expressed interest in and willingness to support co-ordinated observations with ESO telescopes of this important event, provided clear and scientifically solid goals of such observations are identified. This concerns both the comet itself during the approach to the planet and especially the various effects expected during the predicted collision. We would hope to bring together on this occasion cometary and planetary specialists from Europe, and would of course greatly welcome all interested colleagues from outside this area as well. We are presently planning this meeting on Friday, September 24, 1993, at the ESO Headquarters in Garching near Munich, Germany. This would enable specific observing proposals (for the period April 1, - September 30, 1994) to be submitted to the ESO Observing Programmes' Committee before the corresponding deadline, October 1, 1993. All interested parties are kindly requested to contact one of us as soon as possible. Further information and practical details will be transmitted to prospective participants by September 1, 1993. Olivier Hainaut and Richard West European Southern Observatory Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2 D-85748 Garching bei Muenchen Germany Tel: +49-89-32006-306 or 275; Fax: +49-89-3202362 email: ohainaut@eso.org or rwest@eso.org ------------------------------------- Due to scheduling conflicts for many of the participants, the ESO workshop will be postponed by approximately one month. It seems likely that the observing proposals for ESO, which would normally be due on 1 October, will be handled under Director's Discretionary Time so that proposals to observe the event may be accepted after the normal deadline and after the workshop. Further details are expected within about a week. MA, 93 Sep 8 ------------------------------------------------------------ From rwest@eso.org Thu Sep 9 03:58:54 1993 Subject: Informal 1993e Workshop at ESO Date: Thu, 09 Sep 93 09:56:50 +0200 From: Richard West (ESO-IPS, Garching) Status: RO Re: Informal Workshop on Observations of 1993e at ESO in July 1994 (Message no. 2) To: All interested parties As you will know from our earlier message, we are planning to arrange a small, informal workshop on the subject of observations of the 1993e encounter with Jupiter in July 1994, to be carried out at the European Southern Observatory at La Silla, Chile. The ESO management has expressed interest in and willingness to support co-ordinated observations with ESO telescopes of this important event, but only if clear and scientifically solid goals of such observations are identified. This concerns both the comet itself during the approach to the planet and especially the various effects expected during the predicted collision. We would hope to bring together on this occasion cometary and planetary specialists from Europe, and would of course greatly welcome all interested colleagues from outside this area as well. We originally planned to hold this meeting on September 24, 1993, at the ESO Headquarters in Garching near Munich, Germany. However, it turned out that this day was unsuitable for a majority of those interested in attending. In the meantime, we have learned that it may after all not be necessary to be ready with a definitive observing proposal by October 1, 1993, since time allocated by ESO (if any at all) may anyhow be allocated within the Director General's discretionary quota. Moreover, it would of course be an advantage to hold the meeting soon after the DPS meeting in the US on October 18-22, 1993, where the same subject will be discussed, and therefore profit from those deliberations on this subject. For this reason, we now ask you, whether Monday, November 1, or Tuesday, November 2, 1993 (at ESO HQ in Garching) would suit you ? Please reply to one of us as soon as possible, so that we can fix the date and send out a formal invitation by early next week. At the same time, please inform all others who might be interested in this meeting. With kind regards, Olivier Hainaut and Richard West European Southern Observatory Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2 D-85748 Garching bei Muenchen Germany Tel: +49-89-32006-306 or 275; Fax: +49-89-3202362 email: ohainaut@eso.org or rwest@eso.org ------- End of Message The following abstract was submitted to the DPS and circulated in Glenn Orton's IJW Atmospheres Newsletter. ----------------------------------------------------------- Effect of the Collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on the Appearance of Jupiter in the Near and Thermal IR A. J. Friedson and G. S. Orton (JPL/Caltech) Current estimates for the trajectory of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 predict that the string of fragments will most likely strike the night side of Jupiter. The target region will not rotate into view until some 1-5 hours after the impact of comet material. Hence, observations of the effects of large impacts on the neutral atmosphere will be limited to examination of residual phenomena that linger hours to days after any dramatic fireball associated with a large airburst has come and gone. Here we attempt to estimate the extent and nature of any alteration to the near and thermal infrared appearance of the planet from its pre-collision state. Emission from a spatially resolved dust cloud of optical depth $\sim$0.05, deposited in a layer near the 0.1-mbar pressure level and radiating with the ambient atmospheric temperature, would be easily detected in the 8-micron spectral region. A cloud with at least this optical depth could be produced if ~10**14 g of condensible material with ~0.5 micron radius particles were spread over an area of radius 10**4 km in the upper stratosphere, not an unreasonable result in the aftermath of a number of large impacts. The same cloud would also be seen in the near infrared by observing in strong methane and hydrogen absorption bands such as those between 1.7 and 2.3 microns. Large convergence of horizontal winds in the rebound following the rise of a large fireball would be expected to generate vorticity in the region of the impact. Rossby waves or closed vortices produced in the troposphere would probably be detectable by their thermal signature at 18 microns. Galileo Geometry At the time of the encounter in July 1994, the phase angle of Jupiter as seen from Galileo (angle sun-Jupiter-Galileo) will be approximately 50 degrees. Fortunately, Galileo will be ahead of Earth (phase about 10.7 degrees) and therefore able to see past the limb to the probable impact point. The current calculations for the 'center of light' of the comet predict an impact point that is just on the limb as seen from Galileo. The Galileo project is currently examining possibilities to see what unique contribution they can make with the very limited resources on the spacecraft. MA 93 Jul 20 Next observations with HST A second set of observations of the comet is planned for 28 July. This set of observations will be similar to those obtained on 1 July and for which results are posted in observ/results/HST.tex. The team of observers is also the same. MA, 93.7.23 THE FOLLOWING IS FOR PLANNING PURPOSES ONLY - IT IS NOT FOR PUBLIC QUOTATION \documentstyle[11pt]{article} \pagestyle{empty} \parindent=0pt \textwidth=4.5in \textheight=17.8cm \begin{document} {\bf HST Observations of Comet Shoemaker-Levy (1993e)}\\[12pt] % H.A. Weaver (JHU/STScI), P.D. Feldman (JHU), M.F. A'Hearn (U. Md.), C. Arpigny (U. Li\`ege), R.A. Brown (STScI), E.F. \mbox{Helin} (JPL), D.H. Levy (U. Az.), B.G. Marsden (CFA), K.J. Meech (U. Hawaii), \linebreak S.M. Larson (U. Az.), K.S. Noll (STScI), J.V. Scotti (U. Az.),\linebreak Z. Sekanina (JPL), C.S. Shoemaker (NAU), E.M. Shoemaker (USGS),\linebreak T.E. Smith (STScI), A.D. Storrs (STScI), D.K. Yeomans (JPL),\linebreak B. Zellner (CSC/STScI) \\[12pt] % Comet Shoemaker-Levy (1993e) was observed by the {\em Hubble Space Telescope\/} (HST) during July, 1993. The first observation executed successfully on July 1, and the second is scheduled for July 28. During the observation on July 1 four images were obtained with the PC using the F555W filter (similar to V-band) and exposure times of 100, 400, 700, and 700 sec. Each nucleus is surrounded by a (roughly) spherical coma. The spatial brightness distribution of the coma is significantly flatter than the $\rho ^{-1}$ profile that is typically observed for comets having r$\sim$1 AU, so the coma is not due to the steady-state production of dust flowing outward from the nucleus. In order to estimate the magnitudes of the individual nuclei, the contribution from the coma must first be subtracted. Our initial attempts to subtract the coma result in the following preliminary estimates for the observed nucleus V magnitudes for the six brightest nuclei (starting from the southwest end and moving along the train to the northeast end): 23.8, 23.2, 23.5, 23.5, 24.0, and 23.5 with a relative uncertainty of $\sim$0.1. The absolute value is dependent on the coma subtraction, and we believe that the numbers quoted are conservative {\em lower\/} limits to the true values. Assuming that the nuclei have a geometric albedo and color equal to that of the nucleus of P/Halley, and that the phase law is asteroidal, then an upper limit on the diameter of the largest nucleus is $\sim$5 km. A 16 min FOS spectrum covering the spectral region from 2223$-$3278 \AA\ was also obtained in order to search for gaseous emission from OH. Only scattered solar continuum radiation was detected, and the 3$\sigma$ limit on the OH emission corresponds to an upper limit on the water production rate of about 3 x 10$^{27}$ s$^{-1}$. \end{document} *********************************************************************** I note that the upper limit on the production rate of water can be trtanslated into an upper limit on the size of the brightest fragment by assuming some nuclear properties. If one assumes a low albedo and that the surface is uniformly active and that the vaporization is dominated by water ice, a slow-rotator model implies an upper limit to the radius of the brightest fragment of roughly 5-10 km, i.e. a factor of 2-4 higher than the upper limit from the photometric data in the image. This upper limit is therefore consistent with but not as stringent as the photometric upper limit. MA, 93 Aug 9 *********************************************************************** The second observing run with HST, scheduled for 28 July, was cancelled due to the fact that HST went into safe-mode a few days prior to the scheduled observations and could not be brought back into normal operation until just before Jupiter and the comet reached the pointing limits on solar elongation for HST. This limit is set by the need to avoid cooling the magnetic gyros to the temperature at which they no longer can be used. MA, 93 Aug 9 ********************************************************************* Dynamical Response of Jupiter's Atmosphere to its Collision with Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 J. Harrington, R. P. LeBeau, Jr., K. A. Backes, and T. E. Dowling (MIT) The predicted collisions of pieces of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter (I. A. U. Circ. 5800) would deposit 10^18 - 10^24 J of energy in the atmosphere for impacts of pieces 0.1 - 10 km in diameter, respectively. Using the Explicit Planetary Isentropic-Coordinate atmospheric model for Jupiter (Dowling 1993, this conference), we predict observable effects resulting from meteorological adjustment of the atmosphere for several months after the collision. We simulate the atmosphere vertically to a depth of 10 bars (stratosphere and troposphere) in 4 - 10 layers, and horizontally resolve the first baroclinic deformation radius. Since the model assumes a hydrostatic atmosphere, we do not model the initial nonhydrostatic phase of an impact event; rather, we add energy as heat and model its effect on the weather. The simulations cover the varying sizes of the cometary pieces, the effects of impacts in and near existing spots and shear zones, and a range of deposited energies and energy release depths spanning the work of Sekanina (1993, submitted to Science) and Zahnle et al. (1993, submitted to Nature). Joe Harrington jh@MIT.EDU MIT Room 54-326 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (617) 253-4115 The Lunar and Planetary lab of the University of Arizona is hosting an informal mini-conference (we're calling it the "Comet pre-crash bash", or more properly the "Workshop on the imminent impact of SL-9 on Jupiter") for people with ideas on the comet and impact who want to talk to other people with similar work in progress. We have a few invited speakers from out of town, eg. K. Zahnle, Z. Sekanina, C. and G. Shoemaker, Hal Weaver, Torrance Johnson, Alex Dessler etc. The conference will take place *very* soon--Monday, 23 August through Tuesday noon. In spite of the short lead time I have been astonished at how many people have said they will attend so far. There are no abstracts requested and no registration fee. Anyone with an interest in the comet crash is invited to share their thoughts. We are presently sending around a flyer, but if anyone wants to attend, please call Carolyn Palmer at (602) 621-6347 and leave your name, or FAX Jay Melosh at (602)621-4933 or e-mail jmelosh@lpl.arizona.edu --Jay Melosh MA, 93 Aug 9 (rec'd Aug 6) NASA NRA To Be Released There were significant delays in getting the official signatures required for the NASA NRA and in addition the NASA procurement regulations require that the NRA be announced in Commerce Business Daily three weeks (or thereabouts) prior to issuance of the NRA. The Commerce Business Daily announcement finally appeared on 19 August and the NRA will be officially released on approximately 7 September. The deadline for applications will be 8 November (an interval also insisted on by NASA management). Because the deadline for NASA occurs significantly later than the deadline for NSF, the proposals to NSF will be reviewed expeditiously after the 15th of September without waiting for the NASA deadline. However, there will be substantial overlap among the reviewers for the two sets of proposals. Morris Aizenman will participate for NSF in the NASA review and Juergen Rahe will particpate for NASA in the NSF review in order that programs funded by the two agencies will be well coordinated. MA, 30 Aug 1993 Subject: NSF Dear Colleague Letter on Comet/Jupiter Impact Date: Wed, 21 Jul 93 17:34:06 EDT From: "Morris L. Aizenman 202-357-7643" Content-Length: 4088 The following letter was signed today concerning NSF support for the comet/Jupiter impact. Please forward this message to any colleaques, groups, or newsletters you feel would be interested. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me via email (maizenma@nsf.gov) or by phone (202-357-7643). Morris ====================================================================== National Science Foundation 1800 G Street N.W. Washington, DC 20550 July 21, 1993 Subject: Proposals Related to Comet Shoemaker-Levy-9 / Jupiter Impact Dear Colleagues: As many of you know, the fragments which make up Comet Shoemaker-Levy-9 are expected to enter Jupiter's atmosphere during a two- to three-day period (July 21-23, 1994). The impact of these fragments is expected to release significant amounts of energy. Since the impacts are expected to occur on the farside of the planet, they will not be directly visible, but the effects may be visible by reflection from the nearest satellites of Jupiter. Changes may take place in the upper atmosphere and magnetosphere of Jupiter during the final approach of the comet, and effects on the atmosphere should be visible a few hours later when the side of the planet rotates into view. This event represents an unprecedented scientific opportunity for planetary studies from ground- and space-based observatories. The Division of Astronomical Sciences and the Division of Atmospheric Sciences at NSF are prepared to accept, at this time, proposals for both observations and theoretical modeling related to this event. Proposals should be in the standard NSF format. We expect to provide total funds of approximately $750,000 for support of such proposals. Given the limited time before this event takes place, we urge you to submit proposals as soon as possible, but no later than September 15, 1993. We will be coordinating our activities with those of NASA, and expect to conduct joint reviews of the proposals received. If you would like to submit a proposal to NSF, or if you want to submit to both NSF and NASA, or are unsure of which agency you should submit a proposal to, please contact either Morris Aizenman (maizenma@nsf.gov) (202-357-7643) or Vernon Pankonin vpankoni@nsf.gov) (202-357-7620) in the Division of Astronomical Sciences. Individuals interested in studying aeronomic and/or magnetospheric aspects of this phenomenon should contact Richard Behnke (rbehnke@nsf.gov) (202-357-7390) in the Division of Atmospheric Sciences. The FAX number for the Division of Astronomical Sciences at NSF is 202-357-9770 and for the Division of Atmospheric Sciences is 202-357-3945. An electronic bulletin board devoted to the comet impact has been set up at the University of Maryland by Professor Michael F. A'Hearn. We intend to make use of this bulletin board in keeping the science community informed of our activities. You can log in via Internet: telnet pdssbn.astro.umd.edu. The userid is c1993e, and no password is required. E-mail for the bulletin board can be sent to c1993e@astro.umd.edu. (signed) (signed) Hugh M. Van Horn Richard S. Greenfield Director Director Division of Astronomical Sciences Division of Atmospheric Sciences NSF 93-110 (New) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Foundation welcomes proposals on behalf of all qualified scientists and engineers, and strongly encourages women, minorities, and persons with disabilities to compete fully in any of the research and related programs described above. The National Science Foundation has TDD (Telephone Device for the Deaf) capability, which enables individuals with hearing impairment to communicate with the Foundation about NSF programs, employment, or general information. This number is 202-357-7492. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- End Included Message ----- Morris Aizenman and I recently discussed the review process for NSF proposals and the fact that the NASA deadline is significantly later than the deadline for NSF. Everyone is still encouraged to submit proposals to NSF, even though ideas may be better developed at the time of the NASA deadline. The NSF deadline will not be rigidly enforced and anyone who needs a couple of extra days to prepare a proposal for NSF should contact directly either Morris Aizenman (maizenman@nsf.gov) or Vern Pankonin (vpankonin@note.nsf.gov). The details of the review process will depend on the number of proposals received but the intent is to get money out as soon as possible and assess whether enough money has been made available. MA, 93 Sep 8 Dave Jewitt and Jane Luu report that their images of the comet, obtained at the University of Hawaii's 88-inch telescope on Mauna Kea and covering the period since the week of discovery, show very little change in the relative brightness of the various condensations. They now count 21 separate condensations. MA, 93.7.23 Large Workshop While there are many small workshops occurring this fall in regard to the impact, I am tentatively planning a much larger, international workshop to be held at the University of Maryland on January 10-11 (and 12 if it is warranted). This immediately precedes the AAS meeting which begins with a reception on the evening of Jan 11 at Crystal City, just on the other side of Washington, D.C. This will be after many of the observing teams have been selected for the major facilities but before details of observing plans are settled. It will also be after we have had a chance to digest the results of all observations of the comet during the current apparition. Most importantly, it is a time when I can get good lecture facilities on campus at no cost so we can have a minimal registration fee and an informal meeting. I hope to bring in both the theoreticians with all their predictions and the observing teams who can present not only their observing plans but also their alternative capabilities. There will be plenty of time for discussion and I hope to get particularly provocative predictions on the floor to challenge the observers. I would appreciate hearing from people who are interested in attending so that I can estimate the likely size of the meeting. Further details will be posted as they become available. MA, 93 Aug 10 The following abstract was submitted to the DPS and circulated via Glenn Orton's IJW Atmospheres Newsletter. MA 93.07.22 -------------------------------------------------------- Cometary Particles as a Tracer of Jupiter's Stratospheric Circulation R.A. West and A. J. Friedson (JPL-Caltech) The impact of fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter's atmosphere in July, 1994 may provide an unprecedented opportunity to study Jupiter's stratospheric circulation. Recent calculations (Z. Sekanina, paper submitted to Science, 1993) predict that much of the comet material will be deposited in Jupiter's stratosphere. If so, and if the material is deposited in a confined region (10000 km or less, horizontally) we can expect a situation analogous to an El Chichon or Pinatubo event for the terrestrial stratosphere. Initially the volatile material will be vaporized and will rapidly recondense. The large ice crystals and dust particles will rain out and be lost to the troposphere. The cloud of small particles which remain may have settling times of more than a year. These sub-micron to micron particles would probably be easily seen in methane filter images in the near-IR, and possibly in the ultraviolet. An observational program to monitor the dispersal of this cloud or clouds would reveal much about the nature of the circulation. Some predictions about the meridional evolution of the clouds can be made already, based on the meridional circulation model of West et al. (Icarus 100, 245-259, 1992) unless the impact itself significantly disrupts the annual average circulation well after the initial transients die away. This file contains the results of integrations done with varied orbits starting from Yeomans and Chodas' orbit of 30 June 1993. Varied orbits were obtained changing by tens of centimeters the jovicentric velocity of 1993e at the perijove of July 1992. Object -5 was therefore obtained subtracting 50 cm/sec to this velocity, and so on. The integrations cover the time span imaged by HST (note that time is ET, not UT), at steps of five minutes. The entire sequence of varied orbits should include the real "train". Note also that object -5 survives the encounter in July 1994, to become a semi-permanent satellite (end of the satellite capture after 2005), while - on the other side - it is object +6 (not reported here) which survives, and escapes Jupiter's sphere of action immediately after encounter, ending in a typical heliocentric short-period cometary orbit. The table gives the epoch (ET), then the sequence of the eleven objects arranged by order number (from which the relative velocity at release can be found), geometric right ascension and declination. Andrea Carusi and Giovanni Valsecchi, 6 July 1993. 1993 Jul 1 6:45 ET (JD 2449169.78125) -5 12 11.79 -2 25.77 -4 12 11.77 -2 25.85 -3 12 11.75 -2 25.92 -2 12 11.73 -2 25.99 -1 12 11.71 -2 26.07 0 12 11.70 -2 26.14 1 12 11.68 -2 26.21 2 12 11.66 -2 26.29 3 12 11.64 -2 26.36 4 12 11.62 -2 26.43 5 12 11.60 -2 26.51 1993 Jul 1 6:50 ET (JD 2449169.78472) -5 12 11.79 -2 25.78 -4 12 11.77 -2 25.85 -3 12 11.75 -2 25.93 -2 12 11.73 -2 26.00 -1 12 11.71 -2 26.07 0 12 11.70 -2 26.15 1 12 11.68 -2 26.22 2 12 11.66 -2 26.29 3 12 11.64 -2 26.37 4 12 11.62 -2 26.44 5 12 11.60 -2 26.51 1993 Jul 1 6:55 ET (JD 2449169.78819) -5 12 11.79 -2 25.79 -4 12 11.78 -2 25.86 -3 12 11.76 -2 25.93 -2 12 11.74 -2 26.01 -1 12 11.72 -2 26.08 0 12 11.70 -2 26.16 1 12 11.68 -2 26.23 2 12 11.66 -2 26.30 3 12 11.64 -2 26.38 4 12 11.62 -2 26.45 5 12 11.60 -2 26.52 1993 Jul 1 7:00 ET (JD 2449169.79167) -5 12 11.79 -2 25.79 -4 12 11.78 -2 25.87 -3 12 11.76 -2 25.94 -2 12 11.74 -2 26.02 -1 12 11.72 -2 26.09 0 12 11.70 -2 26.16 1 12 11.68 -2 26.23 2 12 11.66 -2 26.31 3 12 11.64 -2 26.38 4 12 11.62 -2 26.45 5 12 11.60 -2 26.53 1993 Jul 1 7:05 ET (JD 2449169.79514) -5 12 11.80 -2 25.80 -4 12 11.78 -2 25.88 -3 12 11.76 -2 25.95 -2 12 11.74 -2 26.02 -1 12 11.72 -2 26.10 0 12 11.70 -2 26.17 1 12 11.68 -2 26.24 2 12 11.66 -2 26.32 3 12 11.64 -2 26.39 4 12 11.62 -2 26.46 5 12 11.60 -2 26.54 1993 Jul 1 7:10 ET (JD 2449169.79861) -5 12 11.80 -2 25.81 -4 12 11.78 -2 25.88 -3 12 11.76 -2 25.96 -2 12 11.74 -2 26.03 -1 12 11.72 -2 26.10 0 12 11.70 -2 26.18 1 12 11.68 -2 26.25 2 12 11.66 -2 26.32 3 12 11.64 -2 26.40 4 12 11.62 -2 26.47 5 12 11.60 -2 26.54 1993 Jul 1 7:15 ET (JD 2449169.80208) -5 12 11.80 -2 25.82 -4 12 11.78 -2 25.89 -3 12 11.76 -2 25.96 -2 12 11.74 -2 26.04 -1 12 11.72 -2 26.11 0 12 11.70 -2 26.18 1 12 11.68 -2 26.26 2 12 11.66 -2 26.33 3 12 11.64 -2 26.40 4 12 11.63 -2 26.48 5 12 11.61 -2 26.55 1993 Jul 1 7:20 ET (JD 2449169.80556) -5 12 11.80 -2 25.82 -4 12 11.78 -2 25.90 -3 12 11.76 -2 25.97 -2 12 11.74 -2 26.04 -1 12 11.72 -2 26.12 0 12 11.70 -2 26.19 1 12 11.68 -2 26.26 2 12 11.66 -2 26.34 3 12 11.64 -2 26.41 4 12 11.63 -2 26.48 5 12 11.61 -2 26.56 1993 Jul 1 7:25 ET (JD 2449169.80903) -5 12 11.80 -2 25.83 -4 12 11.78 -2 25.90 -3 12 11.76 -2 25.98 -2 12 11.74 -2 26.05 -1 12 11.72 -2 26.13 0 12 11.70 -2 26.20 1 12 11.69 -2 26.27 2 12 11.67 -2 26.34 3 12 11.65 -2 26.42 4 12 11.63 -2 26.49 5 12 11.61 -2 26.56 1993 Jul 1 7:30 ET (JD 2449169.81250) -5 12 11.80 -2 25.84 -4 12 11.78 -2 25.91 -3 12 11.76 -2 25.98 -2 12 11.74 -2 26.06 -1 12 11.72 -2 26.13 0 12 11.71 -2 26.20 1 12 11.69 -2 26.28 2 12 11.67 -2 26.35 3 12 11.65 -2 26.43 4 12 11.63 -2 26.50 5 12 11.61 -2 26.57 1993 Jul 1 7:35 ET (JD 2449169.81597) -5 12 11.80 -2 25.84 -4 12 11.78 -2 25.92 -3 12 11.77 -2 25.99 -2 12 11.74 -2 26.07 -1 12 11.73 -2 26.14 0 12 11.71 -2 26.21 1 12 11.69 -2 26.29 2 12 11.67 -2 26.36 3 12 11.65 -2 26.43 4 12 11.63 -2 26.50 5 12 11.61 -2 26.58 1993 Jul 1 7:40 ET (JD 2449169.81944) -5 12 11.80 -2 25.85 -4 12 11.79 -2 25.93 -3 12 11.77 -2 26.00 -2 12 11.75 -2 26.07 -1 12 11.73 -2 26.15 0 12 11.71 -2 26.22 1 12 11.69 -2 26.29 2 12 11.67 -2 26.37 3 12 11.65 -2 26.44 4 12 11.63 -2 26.51 5 12 11.61 -2 26.59 1993 Jul 1 7:45 ET (JD 2449169.82292) -5 12 11.81 -2 25.86 -4 12 11.79 -2 25.93 -3 12 11.77 -2 26.01 -2 12 11.75 -2 26.08 -1 12 11.73 -2 26.15 0 12 11.71 -2 26.23 1 12 11.69 -2 26.30 2 12 11.67 -2 26.37 3 12 11.65 -2 26.45 4 12 11.63 -2 26.52 5 12 11.61 -2 26.59 1993 Jul 1 7:50 ET (JD 2449169.82639) -5 12 11.81 -2 25.86 -4 12 11.79 -2 25.94 -3 12 11.77 -2 26.01 -2 12 11.75 -2 26.09 -1 12 11.73 -2 26.16 0 12 11.71 -2 26.23 1 12 11.69 -2 26.31 2 12 11.67 -2 26.38 3 12 11.65 -2 26.45 4 12 11.63 -2 26.53 5 12 11.61 -2 26.60 1993 Jul 1 7:55 ET (JD 2449169.82986) -5 12 11.81 -2 25.87 -4 12 11.79 -2 25.95 -3 12 11.77 -2 26.02 -2 12 11.75 -2 26.09 -1 12 11.73 -2 26.17 0 12 11.71 -2 26.24 1 12 11.69 -2 26.31 2 12 11.67 -2 26.39 3 12 11.65 -2 26.46 4 12 11.63 -2 26.53 5 12 11.62 -2 26.61 1993 Jul 1 8:00 ET (JD 2449169.83333) -5 12 11.81 -2 25.88 -4 12 11.79 -2 25.95 -3 12 11.77 -2 26.03 -2 12 11.75 -2 26.10 -1 12 11.73 -2 26.18 0 12 11.71 -2 26.25 1 12 11.69 -2 26.32 2 12 11.67 -2 26.39 3 12 11.65 -2 26.47 4 12 11.63 -2 26.54 5 12 11.62 -2 26.61 1993 Jul 1 8:05 ET (JD 2449169.83681) -5 12 11.81 -2 25.89 -4 12 11.79 -2 25.96 -3 12 11.77 -2 26.04 -2 12 11.75 -2 26.11 -1 12 11.73 -2 26.18 0 12 11.71 -2 26.25 1 12 11.69 -2 26.33 2 12 11.68 -2 26.40 3 12 11.66 -2 26.48 4 12 11.64 -2 26.55 5 12 11.62 -2 26.62 1993 Jul 1 8:10 ET (JD 2449169.84028) -5 12 11.81 -2 25.89 -4 12 11.79 -2 25.97 -3 12 11.77 -2 26.04 -2 12 11.75 -2 26.12 -1 12 11.73 -2 26.19 0 12 11.71 -2 26.26 1 12 11.70 -2 26.34 2 12 11.68 -2 26.41 3 12 11.66 -2 26.48 4 12 11.64 -2 26.55 5 12 11.62 -2 26.63 1993 Jul 1 8:15 ET (JD 2449169.84375) -5 12 11.81 -2 25.90 -4 12 11.79 -2 25.98 -3 12 11.77 -2 26.05 -2 12 11.76 -2 26.12 -1 12 11.73 -2 26.20 0 12 11.72 -2 26.27 1 12 11.70 -2 26.34 2 12 11.68 -2 26.42 3 12 11.66 -2 26.49 4 12 11.64 -2 26.56 5 12 11.62 -2 26.64 1993 Jul 1 8:20 ET (JD 2449169.84722) -5 12 11.81 -2 25.91 -4 12 11.79 -2 25.98 -3 12 11.78 -2 26.06 -2 12 11.76 -2 26.13 -1 12 11.74 -2 26.20 0 12 11.72 -2 26.28 1 12 11.70 -2 26.35 2 12 11.68 -2 26.42 3 12 11.66 -2 26.50 4 12 11.64 -2 26.57 5 12 11.62 -2 26.64 1993 Jul 1 8:25 ET (JD 2449169.85069) -5 12 11.81 -2 25.91 -4 12 11.80 -2 25.99 -3 12 11.78 -2 26.06 -2 12 11.76 -2 26.14 -1 12 11.74 -2 26.21 0 12 11.72 -2 26.28 1 12 11.70 -2 26.36 2 12 11.68 -2 26.43 3 12 11.66 -2 26.50 4 12 11.64 -2 26.58 5 12 11.62 -2 26.65 1993 Jul 1 8:30 ET (JD 2449169.85417) -5 12 11.82 -2 25.92 -4 12 11.80 -2 26.00 -3 12 11.78 -2 26.07 -2 12 11.76 -2 26.14 -1 12 11.74 -2 26.22 0 12 11.72 -2 26.29 1 12 11.70 -2 26.36 2 12 11.68 -2 26.44 3 12 11.66 -2 26.51 4 12 11.64 -2 26.58 5 12 11.62 -2 26.66 1993 Jul 1 8:35 ET (JD 2449169.85764) -5 12 11.82 -2 25.93 -4 12 11.80 -2 26.00 -3 12 11.78 -2 26.08 -2 12 11.76 -2 26.15 -1 12 11.74 -2 26.23 0 12 11.72 -2 26.30 1 12 11.70 -2 26.37 2 12 11.68 -2 26.45 3 12 11.66 -2 26.52 4 12 11.64 -2 26.59 5 12 11.62 -2 26.66 1993 Jul 1 8:40 ET (JD 2449169.86111) -5 12 11.82 -2 25.94 -4 12 11.80 -2 26.01 -3 12 11.78 -2 26.09 -2 12 11.76 -2 26.16 -1 12 11.74 -2 26.23 0 12 11.72 -2 26.31 1 12 11.70 -2 26.38 2 12 11.68 -2 26.45 3 12 11.66 -2 26.52 4 12 11.64 -2 26.60 5 12 11.63 -2 26.67 1993 Jul 1 8:45 ET (JD 2449169.86458) -5 12 11.82 -2 25.94 -4 12 11.80 -2 26.02 -3 12 11.78 -2 26.09 -2 12 11.76 -2 26.17 -1 12 11.74 -2 26.24 0 12 11.72 -2 26.31 1 12 11.70 -2 26.39 2 12 11.69 -2 26.46 3 12 11.66 -2 26.53 4 12 11.65 -2 26.61 5 12 11.63 -2 26.68 1993 Jul 1 8:50 ET (JD 2449169.86806) -5 12 11.82 -2 25.95 -4 12 11.80 -2 26.02 -3 12 11.78 -2 26.10 -2 12 11.76 -2 26.17 -1 12 11.74 -2 26.25 0 12 11.72 -2 26.32 1 12 11.71 -2 26.39 2 12 11.69 -2 26.47 3 12 11.67 -2 26.54 4 12 11.65 -2 26.61 5 12 11.63 -2 26.69 1993 Jul 1 8:55 ET (JD 2449169.87153) -5 12 11.82 -2 25.96 -4 12 11.80 -2 26.03 -3 12 11.78 -2 26.11 -2 12 11.76 -2 26.18 -1 12 11.74 -2 26.25 0 12 11.73 -2 26.33 1 12 11.71 -2 26.40 2 12 11.69 -2 26.47 3 12 11.67 -2 26.55 4 12 11.65 -2 26.62 5 12 11.63 -2 26.69 1993 Jul 1 9:00 ET (JD 2449169.87500) -5 12 11.82 -2 25.97 -4 12 11.80 -2 26.04 -3 12 11.79 -2 26.11 -2 12 11.77 -2 26.19 -1 12 11.75 -2 26.26 0 12 11.73 -2 26.34 1 12 11.71 -2 26.41 2 12 11.69 -2 26.48 3 12 11.67 -2 26.55 4 12 11.65 -2 26.63 5 12 11.63 -2 26.70 1993 Jul 1 9:05 ET (JD 2449169.87847) -5 12 11.82 -2 25.97 -4 12 11.80 -2 26.05 -3 12 11.79 -2 26.12 -2 12 11.77 -2 26.20 -1 12 11.75 -2 26.27 0 12 11.73 -2 26.34 1 12 11.71 -2 26.41 2 12 11.69 -2 26.49 3 12 11.67 -2 26.56 4 12 11.65 -2 26.63 5 12 11.63 -2 26.71 1993 Jul 1 9:10 ET (JD 2449169.88194) -5 12 11.83 -2 25.98 -4 12 11.81 -2 26.05 -3 12 11.79 -2 26.13 -2 12 11.77 -2 26.20 -1 12 11.75 -2 26.27 0 12 11.73 -2 26.35 1 12 11.71 -2 26.42 2 12 11.69 -2 26.50 3 12 11.67 -2 26.57 4 12 11.65 -2 26.64 5 12 11.63 -2 26.71 1993 Jul 1 9:15 ET (JD 2449169.88542) -5 12 11.83 -2 25.99 -4 12 11.81 -2 26.06 -3 12 11.79 -2 26.14 -2 12 11.77 -2 26.21 -1 12 11.75 -2 26.28 0 12 11.73 -2 26.36 1 12 11.71 -2 26.43 2 12 11.69 -2 26.50 3 12 11.67 -2 26.58 4 12 11.65 -2 26.65 5 12 11.63 -2 26.72 1993 Jul 1 9:20 ET (JD 2449169.88889) -5 12 11.83 -2 25.99 -4 12 11.81 -2 26.07 -3 12 11.79 -2 26.14 -2 12 11.77 -2 26.22 -1 12 11.75 -2 26.29 0 12 11.73 -2 26.36 1 12 11.71 -2 26.44 2 12 11.69 -2 26.51 3 12 11.67 -2 26.58 4 12 11.65 -2 26.66 5 12 11.63 -2 26.73 1993 Jul 1 9:25 ET (JD 2449169.89236) -5 12 11.83 -2 26.00 -4 12 11.81 -2 26.08 -3 12 11.79 -2 26.15 -2 12 11.77 -2 26.22 -1 12 11.75 -2 26.30 0 12 11.73 -2 26.37 1 12 11.71 -2 26.44 2 12 11.69 -2 26.52 3 12 11.68 -2 26.59 4 12 11.66 -2 26.66 5 12 11.64 -2 26.74 1993 Jul 1 9:30 ET (JD 2449169.89583) -5 12 11.83 -2 26.01 -4 12 11.81 -2 26.08 -3 12 11.79 -2 26.16 -2 12 11.77 -2 26.23 -1 12 11.75 -2 26.30 0 12 11.73 -2 26.38 1 12 11.71 -2 26.45 2 12 11.70 -2 26.52 3 12 11.68 -2 26.60 4 12 11.66 -2 26.67 5 12 11.64 -2 26.74 1993 Jul 1 9:35 ET (JD 2449169.89931) -5 12 11.83 -2 26.02 -4 12 11.81 -2 26.09 -3 12 11.79 -2 26.16 -2 12 11.77 -2 26.24 -1 12 11.75 -2 26.31 0 12 11.73 -2 26.39 1 12 11.72 -2 26.46 2 12 11.70 -2 26.53 3 12 11.68 -2 26.61 4 12 11.66 -2 26.68 5 12 11.64 -2 26.75 1993 Jul 1 9:40 ET (JD 2449169.90278) -5 12 11.83 -2 26.02 -4 12 11.81 -2 26.10 -3 12 11.79 -2 26.17 -2 12 11.78 -2 26.25 -1 12 11.76 -2 26.32 0 12 11.74 -2 26.39 1 12 11.72 -2 26.46 2 12 11.70 -2 26.54 3 12 11.68 -2 26.61 4 12 11.66 -2 26.68 5 12 11.64 -2 26.76 1993 Jul 1 9:45 ET (JD 2449169.90625) -5 12 11.83 -2 26.03 -4 12 11.81 -2 26.10 -3 12 11.79 -2 26.18 -2 12 11.78 -2 26.25 -1 12 11.76 -2 26.33 0 12 11.74 -2 26.40 1 12 11.72 -2 26.47 2 12 11.70 -2 26.55 3 12 11.68 -2 26.62 4 12 11.66 -2 26.69 5 12 11.64 -2 26.77 1993 Jul 1 9:50 ET (JD 2449169.90972) -5 12 11.84 -2 26.04 -4 12 11.82 -2 26.11 -3 12 11.80 -2 26.19 -2 12 11.78 -2 26.26 -1 12 11.76 -2 26.33 0 12 11.74 -2 26.41 1 12 11.72 -2 26.48 2 12 11.70 -2 26.55 3 12 11.68 -2 26.63 4 12 11.66 -2 26.70 5 12 11.64 -2 26.77 1993 Jul 1 9:55 ET (JD 2449169.91319) -5 12 11.84 -2 26.05 -4 12 11.82 -2 26.12 -3 12 11.80 -2 26.19 -2 12 11.78 -2 26.27 -1 12 11.76 -2 26.34 0 12 11.74 -2 26.41 1 12 11.72 -2 26.49 2 12 11.70 -2 26.56 3 12 11.68 -2 26.63 4 12 11.66 -2 26.71 5 12 11.64 -2 26.78 1993 Jul 1 10:00 ET (JD 2449169.91667) -5 12 11.84 -2 26.05 -4 12 11.82 -2 26.13 -3 12 11.80 -2 26.20 -2 12 11.78 -2 26.27 -1 12 11.76 -2 26.35 0 12 11.74 -2 26.42 1 12 11.72 -2 26.49 2 12 11.70 -2 26.57 3 12 11.68 -2 26.64 4 12 11.66 -2 26.71 5 12 11.64 -2 26.79 1993 Jul 1 10:05 ET (JD 2449169.92014) -5 12 11.84 -2 26.06 -4 12 11.82 -2 26.13 -3 12 11.80 -2 26.21 -2 12 11.78 -2 26.28 -1 12 11.76 -2 26.36 0 12 11.74 -2 26.43 1 12 11.72 -2 26.50 2 12 11.70 -2 26.57 3 12 11.68 -2 26.65 4 12 11.66 -2 26.72 5 12 11.65 -2 26.79 1993 Jul 1 10:10 ET (JD 2449169.92361) -5 12 11.84 -2 26.07 -4 12 11.82 -2 26.14 -3 12 11.80 -2 26.21 -2 12 11.78 -2 26.29 -1 12 11.76 -2 26.36 0 12 11.74 -2 26.43 1 12 11.72 -2 26.51 2 12 11.71 -2 26.58 3 12 11.69 -2 26.66 4 12 11.67 -2 26.73 5 12 11.65 -2 26.80 1993 Jul 1 10:15 ET (JD 2449169.92708) -5 12 11.84 -2 26.07 -4 12 11.82 -2 26.15 -3 12 11.80 -2 26.22 -2 12 11.78 -2 26.30 -1 12 11.76 -2 26.37 0 12 11.74 -2 26.44 1 12 11.72 -2 26.52 2 12 11.71 -2 26.59 3 12 11.69 -2 26.66 4 12 11.67 -2 26.73 5 12 11.65 -2 26.81 1993 Jul 1 10:20 ET (JD 2449169.93056) -5 12 11.84 -2 26.08 -4 12 11.82 -2 26.16 -3 12 11.80 -2 26.23 -2 12 11.78 -2 26.30 -1 12 11.77 -2 26.38 0 12 11.75 -2 26.45 1 12 11.73 -2 26.52 2 12 11.71 -2 26.60 3 12 11.69 -2 26.67 4 12 11.67 -2 26.74 5 12 11.65 -2 26.82 1993 Jul 1 10:25 ET (JD 2449169.93403) -5 12 11.84 -2 26.09 -4 12 11.82 -2 26.16 -3 12 11.80 -2 26.24 -2 12 11.79 -2 26.31 -1 12 11.77 -2 26.38 0 12 11.75 -2 26.46 1 12 11.73 -2 26.53 2 12 11.71 -2 26.60 3 12 11.69 -2 26.68 4 12 11.67 -2 26.75 5 12 11.65 -2 26.82 1993 Jul 1 10:30 ET (JD 2449169.93750) -5 12 11.85 -2 26.09 -4 12 11.82 -2 26.17 -3 12 11.81 -2 26.24 -2 12 11.79 -2 26.32 -1 12 11.77 -2 26.39 0 12 11.75 -2 26.46 1 12 11.73 -2 26.54 2 12 11.71 -2 26.61 3 12 11.69 -2 26.68 4 12 11.67 -2 26.76 5 12 11.65 -2 26.83 1993 Jul 1 10:35 ET (JD 2449169.94097) -5 12 11.85 -2 26.10 -4 12 11.83 -2 26.18 -3 12 11.81 -2 26.25 -2 12 11.79 -2 26.32 -1 12 11.77 -2 26.40 0 12 11.75 -2 26.47 1 12 11.73 -2 26.55 2 12 11.71 -2 26.62 3 12 11.69 -2 26.69 4 12 11.67 -2 26.76 5 12 11.65 -2 26.84 1993 Jul 1 10:40 ET (JD 2449169.94444) -5 12 11.85 -2 26.11 -4 12 11.83 -2 26.18 -3 12 11.81 -2 26.26 -2 12 11.79 -2 26.33 -1 12 11.77 -2 26.41 0 12 11.75 -2 26.48 1 12 11.73 -2 26.55 2 12 11.71 -2 26.63 3 12 11.69 -2 26.70 4 12 11.67 -2 26.77 5 12 11.65 -2 26.84 1993 Jul 1 10:45 ET (JD 2449169.94792) -5 12 11.85 -2 26.12 -4 12 11.83 -2 26.19 -3 12 11.81 -2 26.27 -2 12 11.79 -2 26.34 -1 12 11.77 -2 26.41 0 12 11.75 -2 26.49 1 12 11.73 -2 26.56 2 12 11.71 -2 26.63 3 12 11.69 -2 26.70 4 12 11.67 -2 26.78 5 12 11.65 -2 26.85 1993 Jul 1 10:50 ET (JD 2449169.95139) -5 12 11.85 -2 26.12 -4 12 11.83 -2 26.20 -3 12 11.81 -2 26.27 -2 12 11.79 -2 26.35 -1 12 11.77 -2 26.42 0 12 11.75 -2 26.49 1 12 11.73 -2 26.57 2 12 11.71 -2 26.64 3 12 11.70 -2 26.71 4 12 11.68 -2 26.79 5 12 11.66 -2 26.86 1993 Jul 1 10:55 ET (JD 2449169.95486) -5 12 11.85 -2 26.13 -4 12 11.83 -2 26.20 -3 12 11.81 -2 26.28 -2 12 11.79 -2 26.35 -1 12 11.77 -2 26.43 0 12 11.75 -2 26.50 1 12 11.73 -2 26.57 2 12 11.71 -2 26.65 3 12 11.70 -2 26.72 4 12 11.68 -2 26.79 5 12 11.66 -2 26.87 1993 Jul 1 11:00 ET (JD 2449169.95833) -5 12 11.85 -2 26.14 -4 12 11.83 -2 26.21 -3 12 11.81 -2 26.29 -2 12 11.79 -2 26.36 -1 12 11.77 -2 26.43 0 12 11.76 -2 26.51 1 12 11.74 -2 26.58 2 12 11.72 -2 26.65 3 12 11.70 -2 26.73 4 12 11.68 -2 26.80 5 12 11.66 -2 26.87 1993 Jul 1 11:05 ET (JD 2449169.96181) -5 12 11.85 -2 26.15 -4 12 11.83 -2 26.22 -3 12 11.81 -2 26.29 -2 12 11.79 -2 26.37 -1 12 11.78 -2 26.44 0 12 11.76 -2 26.52 1 12 11.74 -2 26.59 2 12 11.72 -2 26.66 3 12 11.70 -2 26.73 4 12 11.68 -2 26.81 5 12 11.66 -2 26.88 1993 Jul 1 11:10 ET (JD 2449169.96528) -5 12 11.85 -2 26.15 -4 12 11.84 -2 26.23 -3 12 11.82 -2 26.30 -2 12 11.80 -2 26.38 -1 12 11.78 -2 26.45 0 12 11.76 -2 26.52 1 12 11.74 -2 26.59 2 12 11.72 -2 26.67 3 12 11.70 -2 26.74 4 12 11.68 -2 26.81 5 12 11.66 -2 26.89 1993 Jul 1 11:15 ET (JD 2449169.96875) -5 12 11.86 -2 26.16 -4 12 11.84 -2 26.23 -3 12 11.82 -2 26.31 -2 12 11.80 -2 26.38 -1 12 11.78 -2 26.45 0 12 11.76 -2 26.53 1 12 11.74 -2 26.60 2 12 11.72 -2 26.68 3 12 11.70 -2 26.75 4 12 11.68 -2 26.82 5 12 11.66 -2 26.89 1993 Jul 1 11:20 ET (JD 2449169.97222) -5 12 11.86 -2 26.17 -4 12 11.84 -2 26.24 -3 12 11.82 -2 26.32 -2 12 11.80 -2 26.39 -1 12 11.78 -2 26.46 0 12 11.76 -2 26.54 1 12 11.74 -2 26.61 2 12 11.72 -2 26.68 3 12 11.70 -2 26.76 4 12 11.68 -2 26.83 5 12 11.66 -2 26.90 1993 Jul 1 11:25 ET (JD 2449169.97569) -5 12 11.86 -2 26.17 -4 12 11.84 -2 26.25 -3 12 11.82 -2 26.32 -2 12 11.80 -2 26.40 -1 12 11.78 -2 26.47 0 12 11.76 -2 26.54 1 12 11.74 -2 26.62 2 12 11.72 -2 26.69 3 12 11.70 -2 26.76 4 12 11.68 -2 26.84 5 12 11.66 -2 26.91 1993 Jul 1 11:30 ET (JD 2449169.97917) -5 12 11.86 -2 26.18 -4 12 11.84 -2 26.26 -3 12 11.82 -2 26.33 -2 12 11.80 -2 26.40 -1 12 11.78 -2 26.48 0 12 11.76 -2 26.55 1 12 11.74 -2 26.62 2 12 11.72 -2 26.70 3 12 11.70 -2 26.77 4 12 11.69 -2 26.84 5 12 11.67 -2 26.92 1993 Jul 1 11:35 ET (JD 2449169.98264) -5 12 11.86 -2 26.19 -4 12 11.84 -2 26.26 -3 12 11.82 -2 26.34 -2 12 11.80 -2 26.41 -1 12 11.78 -2 26.48 0 12 11.76 -2 26.56 1 12 11.74 -2 26.63 2 12 11.72 -2 26.70 3 12 11.71 -2 26.78 4 12 11.69 -2 26.85 5 12 11.67 -2 26.92 1993 Jul 1 11:40 ET (JD 2449169.98611) -5 12 11.86 -2 26.20 -4 12 11.84 -2 26.27 -3 12 11.82 -2 26.34 -2 12 11.80 -2 26.42 -1 12 11.78 -2 26.49 0 12 11.77 -2 26.57 1 12 11.74 -2 26.64 2 12 11.73 -2 26.71 3 12 11.71 -2 26.79 4 12 11.69 -2 26.86 5 12 11.67 -2 26.93 1993 Jul 1 11:45 ET (JD 2449169.98958) -5 12 11.86 -2 26.20 -4 12 11.84 -2 26.28 -3 12 11.82 -2 26.35 -2 12 11.80 -2 26.43 -1 12 11.79 -2 26.50 0 12 11.77 -2 26.57 1 12 11.75 -2 26.65 2 12 11.73 -2 26.72 3 12 11.71 -2 26.79 4 12 11.69 -2 26.86 5 12 11.67 -2 26.94 1993 Jul 1 11:50 ET (JD 2449169.99306) -5 12 11.86 -2 26.21 -4 12 11.84 -2 26.29 -3 12 11.82 -2 26.36 -2 12 11.81 -2 26.43 -1 12 11.79 -2 26.51 0 12 11.77 -2 26.58 1 12 11.75 -2 26.65 2 12 11.73 -2 26.73 3 12 11.71 -2 26.80 4 12 11.69 -2 26.87 5 12 11.67 -2 26.95 1993 Jul 1 11:55 ET (JD 2449169.99653) -5 12 11.87 -2 26.22 -4 12 11.85 -2 26.29 -3 12 11.83 -2 26.37 -2 12 11.81 -2 26.44 -1 12 11.79 -2 26.51 0 12 11.77 -2 26.59 1 12 11.75 -2 26.66 2 12 11.73 -2 26.73 3 12 11.71 -2 26.81 4 12 11.69 -2 26.88 5 12 11.67 -2 26.95 1993 Jul 1 12:00 ET (JD 2449170.00000) -5 12 11.87 -2 26.23 -4 12 11.85 -2 26.30 -3 12 11.83 -2 26.37 -2 12 11.81 -2 26.45 -1 12 11.79 -2 26.52 0 12 11.77 -2 26.59 1 12 11.75 -2 26.67 2 12 11.73 -2 26.74 3 12 11.71 -2 26.81 4 12 11.69 -2 26.89 5 12 11.67 -2 26.96 1993 Jul 1 12:05 ET (JD 2449170.00347) -5 12 11.87 -2 26.23 -4 12 11.85 -2 26.31 -3 12 11.83 -2 26.38 -2 12 11.81 -2 26.45 -1 12 11.79 -2 26.53 0 12 11.77 -2 26.60 1 12 11.75 -2 26.68 2 12 11.73 -2 26.75 3 12 11.71 -2 26.82 4 12 11.69 -2 26.89 5 12 11.67 -2 26.97 1993 Jul 1 12:10 ET (JD 2449170.00694) -5 12 11.87 -2 26.24 -4 12 11.85 -2 26.31 -3 12 11.83 -2 26.39 -2 12 11.81 -2 26.46 -1 12 11.79 -2 26.54 0 12 11.77 -2 26.61 1 12 11.75 -2 26.68 2 12 11.73 -2 26.75 3 12 11.71 -2 26.83 4 12 11.70 -2 26.90 5 12 11.68 -2 26.97 1993 Jul 1 12:15 ET (JD 2449170.01042) -5 12 11.87 -2 26.25 -4 12 11.85 -2 26.32 -3 12 11.83 -2 26.39 -2 12 11.81 -2 26.47 -1 12 11.79 -2 26.54 0 12 11.77 -2 26.62 1 12 11.75 -2 26.69 2 12 11.73 -2 26.76 3 12 11.71 -2 26.84 4 12 11.70 -2 26.91 5 12 11.68 -2 26.98 1993 Jul 1 12:20 ET (JD 2449170.01389) -5 12 11.87 -2 26.25 -4 12 11.85 -2 26.33 -3 12 11.83 -2 26.40 -2 12 11.81 -2 26.48 -1 12 11.79 -2 26.55 0 12 11.77 -2 26.62 1 12 11.76 -2 26.70 2 12 11.74 -2 26.77 3 12 11.72 -2 26.84 4 12 11.70 -2 26.92 5 12 11.68 -2 26.99 In a poster paper presented at the ACM 93 meeting in June, A. Carusi, B. G. Marsden, and G. B. Valsecchi have reviewed the history of the discovery and initial computations of the orbit of P/Shoemaker-Levy 9. They note the importance of the fact that all calculations to date involve the fictitious part of the comet at the 'center of light' since most of the astrometric images can not resolve the individual nuclei. This means that all results must be taken with caution. They have integrated the orbit backwards, both to the time of perijove (1992 Jul 8.2 in their calculation) and to 1940, the latter result obviously being quite uncertain. The integration to 1940 suggests a low-inclination, low-eccentricity orbit a bit inside the orbit of Jupiter. The orbit at perijove has been modified by increasing and decreasing the velocity at perijove (purely in the direction of true anomaly with no radial component being added). In this scenario, the nuclei currently at the ends of the string correspond to excess velocities of -0.3 and +0.3 m/s. Forward integration for various excess velocities indicates that for -1 meter per second or +9 meters per second a nucleus would miss Jupiter next July. Those with slightly negative velocities could survive to become rather tightly bound temporary satellites of Jupiter which might be detected by Galileo. The nuclei with velocities between -0.3 and +0.3 km/sec (all the observed nuclei if the velocity increments are all in the direction of true anomaly) will encounter Jupiter between 1994 July 19 (for -0.3 m/s) and 1994 July 27 (for +0.3 m/s). Collisions on the day-side are extremely unlikely. MA, 93 Jul 13 Further Details Regarding the Upper Limit on Activity Originally Announced by Anita Cochran on IAU CIrcular 5732 I have now computed the upper limits for the gas for Shoemaker-Levy 9. I computed upper limits for both OH and CN. For this, I subtracted the sky (on-chip) and a solar analogue (35 Leo) with the continuum removal done with our color weighting scheme. Then, I binned along the slit in groups of 5 spectra to give an effective aperture of 6.4 arcsec x 2 arcsec. The numbers below are for the highest upper limit (most potential gas) and not necessarily the brightest knot. In fact, the brightest knot had a lower upper limit. For the production rates, the vectorial model was used for OH with the velocity scaled as 0.85R**{-0.5}. The OH lifetime was a combination of the theoretical lifetimes of Schleicher and A'Hearn and van Dishoeck and Dalgarno, accounting for solar activity. The parent total lifetime was from the law of Cochran and Schleicher, again accounting for solar activity. The dissociation fraction was 93%. Thus tau(par-tot)=5.88e4 tau(daug)=1.69e5 [1 au] For CN, the Haser model was used with the abovementioned velocity and the scale lengths of Cochran. With all these, I get the most possible (2-sigma upper limit) gas is: molecule flux column_dens prod_rate OH 1.585e-15 7.53e+11 3.5e27 CN 9.010e-16 3.91e+9 9.4e24 This is in good agreement (OH) with Hubble. Additionally, I had already done a crude reflectance of the brightest region of the comet. The color is slightly reddish, but still fairly neutral. It is not red like Pholus, certainly. Anita Ephemeris (with perturbations) for Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e) - Orbit ref. Yeomans & Chodas, 6/28/93 Date (UT) J.D. R.A. J2000 Dec. R.A. Appn Dec. Delta Deldot r rdot Theta Beta Moon TMag 1993 Jun 1 2449139.5 12 05.953 -01 52.75 12 05.639 -01 50.71 5.001 24.68 5.454 -.42 111.5 10.0 22 13.6 1993 Jun 2 2449140.5 12 05.987 -01 52.87 12 05.673 -01 50.82 5.015 24.84 5.454 -.42 110.5 10.0 36 13.6 1993 Jun 3 2449141.5 12 06.032 -01 53.05 12 05.717 -01 51.01 5.029 24.99 5.454 -.42 109.6 10.1 50 13.6 1993 Jun 4 2449142.5 12 06.088 -01 53.30 12 05.773 -01 51.26 5.044 25.13 5.454 -.42 108.7 10.2 64 13.6 1993 Jun 5 2449143.5 12 06.155 -01 53.62 12 05.840 -01 51.58 5.058 25.27 5.453 -.42 107.7 10.2 78 13.6 1993 Jun 6 2449144.5 12 06.233 -01 54.01 12 05.918 -01 51.97 5.073 25.40 5.453 -.42 106.8 10.3 92 13.6 1993 Jun 7 2449145.5 12 06.322 -01 54.47 12 06.007 -01 52.43 5.088 25.53 5.453 -.42 105.8 10.3 105 13.6 1993 Jun 8 2449146.5 12 06.422 -01 55.00 12 06.107 -01 52.96 5.103 25.64 5.453 -.42 104.9 10.4 118 13.6 1993 Jun 9 2449147.5 12 06.532 -01 55.60 12 06.218 -01 53.55 5.117 25.75 5.452 -.43 104.0 10.4 130 13.7 1993 Jun 10 2449148.5 12 06.654 -01 56.26 12 06.339 -01 54.22 5.132 25.86 5.452 -.43 103.1 10.5 142 13.7 1993 Jun 11 2449149.5 12 06.786 -01 57.00 12 06.471 -01 54.95 5.147 25.95 5.452 -.43 102.1 10.5 154 13.7 1993 Jun 12 2449150.5 12 06.929 -01 57.80 12 06.613 -01 55.75 5.162 26.04 5.452 -.43 101.2 10.5 166 13.7 1993 Jun 13 2449151.5 12 07.082 -01 58.67 12 06.767 -01 56.62 5.177 26.12 5.452 -.43 100.3 10.6 176 13.7 1993 Jun 14 2449152.5 12 07.247 -01 59.61 12 06.931 -01 57.56 5.192 26.20 5.451 -.43 99.4 10.6 170 13.7 1993 Jun 15 2449153.5 12 07.421 -02 00.62 12 07.105 -01 58.56 5.208 26.27 5.451 -.43 98.5 10.6 158 13.7 1993 Jun 16 2449154.5 12 07.606 -02 01.69 12 07.290 -01 59.63 5.223 26.33 5.451 -.43 97.6 10.6 146 13.7 1993 Jun 17 2449155.5 12 07.802 -02 02.83 12 07.485 -02 00.77 5.238 26.38 5.451 -.43 96.7 10.7 134 13.7 1993 Jun 18 2449156.5 12 08.008 -02 04.03 12 07.691 -02 01.97 5.253 26.43 5.450 -.44 95.8 10.7 121 13.7 1993 Jun 19 2449157.5 12 08.224 -02 05.30 12 07.907 -02 03.24 5.269 26.47 5.450 -.44 94.9 10.7 108 13.7 1993 Jun 20 2449158.5 12 08.451 -02 06.64 12 08.134 -02 04.58 5.284 26.50 5.450 -.44 94.0 10.7 95 13.7 1993 Jun 21 2449159.5 12 08.687 -02 08.04 12 08.370 -02 05.98 5.299 26.52 5.449 -.44 93.1 10.7 81 13.7 1993 Jun 22 2449160.5 12 08.934 -02 09.51 12 08.617 -02 07.45 5.314 26.54 5.449 -.44 92.2 10.7 68 13.7 1993 Jun 23 2449161.5 12 09.191 -02 11.04 12 08.874 -02 08.98 5.330 26.55 5.449 -.44 91.3 10.7 54 13.7 1993 Jun 24 2449162.5 12 09.457 -02 12.63 12 09.140 -02 10.57 5.345 26.55 5.449 -.44 90.5 10.8 40 13.7 1993 Jun 25 2449163.5 12 09.734 -02 14.29 12 09.416 -02 12.23 5.360 26.55 5.448 -.44 89.6 10.8 26 13.7 1993 Jun 26 2449164.5 12 10.020 -02 16.01 12 09.702 -02 13.94 5.376 26.54 5.448 -.44 88.7 10.8 12 13.8 1993 Jun 27 2449165.5 12 10.315 -02 17.79 12 09.997 -02 15.72 5.391 26.52 5.448 -.45 87.8 10.7 5 13.8 1993 Jun 28 2449166.5 12 10.621 -02 19.63 12 10.302 -02 17.56 5.406 26.49 5.448 -.45 86.9 10.7 17 13.8 1993 Jun 29 2449167.5 12 10.935 -02 21.53 12 10.617 -02 19.46 5.422 26.46 5.447 -.45 86.1 10.7 31 13.8 1993 Jun 30 2449168.5 12 11.259 -02 23.49 12 10.941 -02 21.42 5.437 26.43 5.447 -.45 85.2 10.7 45 13.8 1993 Jul 1 2449169.5 12 11.592 -02 25.51 12 11.274 -02 23.44 5.452 26.39 5.447 -.45 84.4 10.7 58 13.8 1993 Jul 2 2449170.5 12 11.934 -02 27.59 12 11.616 -02 25.52 5.467 26.34 5.447 -.45 83.5 10.7 72 13.8 1993 Jul 3 2449171.5 12 12.286 -02 29.73 12 11.967 -02 27.66 5.483 26.29 5.446 -.45 82.6 10.7 85 13.8 1993 Jul 4 2449172.5 12 12.646 -02 31.92 12 12.327 -02 29.85 5.498 26.23 5.446 -.45 81.8 10.6 98 13.8 1993 Jul 5 2449173.5 12 13.015 -02 34.17 12 12.696 -02 32.10 5.513 26.17 5.446 -.45 80.9 10.6 111 13.8 1993 Jul 6 2449174.5 12 13.392 -02 36.48 12 13.073 -02 34.41 5.528 26.10 5.446 -.45 80.1 10.6 124 13.8 1993 Jul 7 2449175.5 12 13.779 -02 38.85 12 13.459 -02 36.77 5.543 26.03 5.445 -.45 79.2 10.6 136 13.8 1993 Jul 8 2449176.5 12 14.173 -02 41.26 12 13.854 -02 39.19 5.558 25.95 5.445 -.46 78.4 10.5 148 13.8 1993 Jul 9 2449177.5 12 14.577 -02 43.74 12 14.257 -02 41.66 5.573 25.86 5.445 -.46 77.5 10.5 160 13.8 1993 Jul 10 2449178.5 12 14.988 -02 46.26 12 14.669 -02 44.19 5.588 25.78 5.445 -.46 76.7 10.5 171 13.8 1993 Jul 11 2449179.5 12 15.408 -02 48.85 12 15.088 -02 46.77 5.603 25.68 5.444 -.46 75.9 10.4 175 13.8 1993 Jul 12 2449180.5 12 15.837 -02 51.48 12 15.516 -02 49.40 5.618 25.58 5.444 -.46 75.0 10.4 164 13.8 1993 Jul 13 2449181.5 12 16.273 -02 54.17 12 15.953 -02 52.09 5.632 25.47 5.444 -.46 74.2 10.3 153 13.9 1993 Jul 14 2449182.5 12 16.718 -02 56.90 12 16.397 -02 54.82 5.647 25.36 5.444 -.46 73.3 10.3 141 13.9 1993 Jul 15 2449183.5 12 17.170 -02 59.69 12 16.849 -02 57.61 5.662 25.25 5.443 -.46 72.5 10.3 128 13.9 1993 Jul 16 2449184.5 12 17.630 -03 02.53 12 17.310 -03 00.45 5.676 25.12 5.443 -.46 71.7 10.2 116 13.9 1993 Jul 17 2449185.5 12 18.099 -03 05.43 12 17.778 -03 03.34 5.691 25.00 5.443 -.46 70.9 10.2 103 13.9 1993 Jul 18 2449186.5 12 18.575 -03 08.37 12 18.254 -03 06.28 5.705 24.86 5.442 -.46 70.0 10.1 89 13.9 1993 Jul 19 2449187.5 12 19.058 -03 11.36 12 18.737 -03 09.27 5.719 24.72 5.442 -.46 69.2 10.1 75 13.9 1993 Jul 20 2449188.5 12 19.549 -03 14.39 12 19.228 -03 12.31 5.734 24.58 5.442 -.46 68.4 10.0 61 13.9 Ephemeris (with perturbations) for Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e) - Orbit ref. Yeomans & Chodas, 6/28/93 Date (UT) J.D. R.A. J2000 Dec. R.A. Appn Dec. Delta Deldot r rdot Theta Beta Moon TMag 1993 Jul 21 2449189.5 12 20.048 -03 17.48 12 19.727 -03 15.40 5.748 24.43 5.442 -.47 67.6 9.9 47 13.9 1993 Jul 22 2449190.5 12 20.554 -03 20.61 12 20.232 -03 18.53 5.762 24.27 5.441 -.47 66.7 9.9 33 13.9 1993 Jul 23 2449191.5 12 21.067 -03 23.79 12 20.745 -03 21.71 5.776 24.11 5.441 -.47 65.9 9.8 18 13.9 1993 Jul 24 2449192.5 12 21.587 -03 27.01 12 21.265 -03 24.93 5.790 23.94 5.441 -.47 65.1 9.8 5 13.9 1993 Jul 25 2449193.5 12 22.115 -03 30.28 12 21.793 -03 28.20 5.803 23.77 5.441 -.47 64.3 9.7 11 13.9 1993 Jul 26 2449194.5 12 22.649 -03 33.60 12 22.327 -03 31.51 5.817 23.60 5.440 -.47 63.5 9.6 25 13.9 1993 Jul 27 2449195.5 12 23.190 -03 36.95 12 22.868 -03 34.87 5.831 23.42 5.440 -.47 62.7 9.5 38 13.9 1993 Jul 28 2449196.5 12 23.738 -03 40.35 12 23.415 -03 38.26 5.844 23.24 5.440 -.47 61.9 9.5 52 13.9 1993 Jul 29 2449197.5 12 24.292 -03 43.79 12 23.970 -03 41.71 5.858 23.05 5.439 -.47 61.1 9.4 65 13.9 1993 Jul 30 2449198.5 12 24.853 -03 47.28 12 24.531 -03 45.19 5.871 22.86 5.439 -.47 60.3 9.3 78 13.9 1993 Jul 31 2449199.5 12 25.421 -03 50.80 12 25.098 -03 48.71 5.884 22.66 5.439 -.47 59.5 9.2 91 13.9 1993 Aug 1 2449200.5 12 25.995 -03 54.36 12 25.672 -03 52.28 5.897 22.46 5.439 -.47 58.7 9.2 104 13.9 1993 Aug 2 2449201.5 12 26.575 -03 57.97 12 26.252 -03 55.88 5.910 22.26 5.438 -.47 57.9 9.1 116 14.0 1993 Aug 3 2449202.5 12 27.161 -04 01.61 12 26.838 -03 59.52 5.923 22.06 5.438 -.47 57.1 9.0 129 14.0 1993 Aug 4 2449203.5 12 27.753 -04 05.29 12 27.430 -04 03.20 5.935 21.85 5.438 -.47 56.3 8.9 141 14.0 1993 Aug 5 2449204.5 12 28.352 -04 09.01 12 28.028 -04 06.92 5.948 21.63 5.438 -.47 55.5 8.8 152 14.0 1993 Aug 6 2449205.5 12 28.956 -04 12.76 12 28.632 -04 10.67 5.960 21.42 5.437 -.47 54.7 8.8 164 14.0 1993 Aug 7 2449206.5 12 29.566 -04 16.55 12 29.242 -04 14.46 5.973 21.20 5.437 -.47 53.9 8.7 175 14.0 1993 Aug 8 2449207.5 12 30.182 -04 20.38 12 29.858 -04 18.29 5.985 20.97 5.437 -.48 53.1 8.6 172 14.0 1993 Aug 9 2449208.5 12 30.804 -04 24.24 12 30.479 -04 22.15 5.997 20.74 5.436 -.48 52.3 8.5 160 14.0 1993 Aug 10 2449209.5 12 31.431 -04 28.14 12 31.106 -04 26.05 6.009 20.51 5.436 -.48 51.5 8.4 149 14.0 1993 Aug 11 2449210.5 12 32.064 -04 32.07 12 31.739 -04 29.98 6.021 20.28 5.436 -.48 50.7 8.3 137 14.0 1993 Aug 12 2449211.5 12 32.702 -04 36.04 12 32.377 -04 33.95 6.032 20.04 5.436 -.48 49.9 8.2 124 14.0 1993 Aug 13 2449212.5 12 33.346 -04 40.04 12 33.021 -04 37.95 6.044 19.79 5.435 -.48 49.1 8.1 112 14.0 1993 Aug 14 2449213.5 12 33.995 -04 44.07 12 33.670 -04 41.98 6.055 19.54 5.435 -.48 48.4 8.0 99 14.0 1993 Aug 15 2449214.5 12 34.650 -04 48.14 12 34.325 -04 46.05 6.066 19.29 5.435 -.48 47.6 7.9 85 14.0 1993 Aug 16 2449215.5 12 35.309 -04 52.23 12 34.984 -04 50.14 6.077 19.04 5.435 -.48 46.8 7.8 72 14.0 1993 Aug 17 2449216.5 12 35.974 -04 56.36 12 35.649 -04 54.27 6.088 18.78 5.434 -.48 46.0 7.7 57 14.0 1993 Aug 18 2449217.5 12 36.644 -05 00.51 12 36.319 -04 58.43 6.099 18.51 5.434 -.48 45.2 7.6 43 14.0 1993 Aug 19 2449218.5 12 37.319 -05 04.70 12 36.993 -05 02.61 6.110 18.24 5.434 -.48 44.5 7.5 28 14.0 1993 Aug 20 2449219.5 12 37.998 -05 08.91 12 37.672 -05 06.83 6.120 17.97 5.433 -.48 43.7 7.4 13 14.0 1993 Aug 21 2449220.5 12 38.683 -05 13.15 12 38.357 -05 11.07 6.130 17.70 5.433 -.48 42.9 7.3 4 14.0 1993 Aug 22 2449221.5 12 39.372 -05 17.42 12 39.045 -05 15.34 6.141 17.42 5.433 -.48 42.1 7.2 16 14.0 1993 Aug 23 2449222.5 12 40.065 -05 21.72 12 39.739 -05 19.63 6.151 17.14 5.433 -.48 41.3 7.1 30 14.0 1993 Aug 24 2449223.5 12 40.763 -05 26.04 12 40.437 -05 23.96 6.160 16.85 5.432 -.48 40.6 7.0 44 14.0 1993 Aug 25 2449224.5 12 41.466 -05 30.39 12 41.139 -05 28.30 6.170 16.57 5.432 -.48 39.8 6.8 58 14.0 1993 Aug 26 2449225.5 12 42.172 -05 34.76 12 41.846 -05 32.68 6.180 16.28 5.432 -.48 39.0 6.7 71 14.0 1993 Aug 27 2449226.5 12 42.883 -05 39.16 12 42.557 -05 37.07 6.189 15.99 5.432 -.48 38.2 6.6 83 14.0 1993 Aug 28 2449227.5 12 43.598 -05 43.58 12 43.272 -05 41.49 6.198 15.70 5.431 -.48 37.5 6.5 96 14.1 1993 Aug 29 2449228.5 12 44.317 -05 48.02 12 43.991 -05 45.94 6.207 15.40 5.431 -.48 36.7 6.4 108 14.1 1993 Aug 30 2449229.5 12 45.040 -05 52.48 12 44.714 -05 50.40 6.216 15.10 5.431 -.48 35.9 6.3 120 14.1 1993 Aug 31 2449230.5 12 45.768 -05 56.97 12 45.440 -05 54.89 6.224 14.80 5.430 -.48 35.2 6.1 132 14.1 1993 Sep 1 2449231.5 12 46.498 -06 01.48 12 46.171 -05 59.40 6.233 14.50 5.430 -.48 34.4 6.0 144 14.1 1993 Sep 2 2449232.5 12 47.233 -06 06.00 12 46.906 -06 03.92 6.241 14.20 5.430 -.48 33.6 5.9 156 14.1 1993 Sep 3 2449233.5 12 47.972 -06 10.55 12 47.644 -06 08.47 6.249 13.89 5.430 -.48 32.8 5.8 167 14.1 1993 Sep 4 2449234.5 12 48.714 -06 15.12 12 48.386 -06 13.04 6.257 13.58 5.429 -.48 32.1 5.7 177 14.1 1993 Sep 5 2449235.5 12 49.459 -06 19.71 12 49.131 -06 17.63 6.265 13.27 5.429 -.48 31.3 5.5 169 14.1 1993 Sep 6 2449236.5 12 50.208 -06 24.31 12 49.880 -06 22.23 6.273 12.96 5.429 -.48 30.5 5.4 157 14.1 1993 Sep 7 2449237.5 12 50.961 -06 28.93 12 50.633 -06 26.86 6.280 12.64 5.428 -.48 29.8 5.3 145 14.1 1993 Sep 8 2449238.5 12 51.717 -06 33.57 12 51.389 -06 31.50 6.287 12.33 5.428 -.48 29.0 5.2 133 14.1 Ephemeris (with perturbations) for Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e) - Orbit ref. Yeomans & Chodas, 6/28/93 Date (UT) J.D. R.A. J2000 Dec. R.A. Appn Dec. Delta Deldot r rdot Theta Beta Moon TMag 1993 Oct 29 2449289.5 13 33.076 -10 39.54 13 32.744 -10 37.59 6.389 -5.81 5.414 -.47 10.3 1.9 173 14.1 1993 Oct 30 2449290.5 13 33.908 -10 44.29 13 33.576 -10 42.34 6.385 -6.18 5.414 -.47 11.0 2.0 174 14.1 1993 Oct 31 2449291.5 13 34.740 -10 49.03 13 34.407 -10 47.07 6.381 -6.54 5.414 -.46 11.8 2.2 163 14.1 1993 Nov 1 2449292.5 13 35.570 -10 53.75 13 35.238 -10 51.80 6.378 -6.90 5.413 -.46 12.6 2.3 151 14.1 1993 Nov 2 2449293.5 13 36.400 -10 58.45 13 36.068 -10 56.51 6.373 -7.26 5.413 -.46 13.4 2.4 139 14.1 1993 Nov 3 2449294.5 13 37.230 -11 03.15 13 36.898 -11 01.21 6.369 -7.62 5.413 -.46 14.1 2.6 127 14.1 1993 Nov 4 2449295.5 13 38.058 -11 07.83 13 37.726 -11 05.89 6.365 -7.98 5.412 -.46 14.9 2.7 115 14.1 1993 Nov 5 2449296.5 13 38.886 -11 12.49 13 38.554 -11 10.56 6.360 -8.34 5.412 -.46 15.7 2.8 102 14.1 1993 Nov 6 2449297.5 13 39.713 -11 17.14 13 39.381 -11 15.21 6.355 -8.70 5.412 -.46 16.5 3.0 89 14.1 1993 Nov 7 2449298.5 13 40.538 -11 21.77 13 40.207 -11 19.85 6.350 -9.06 5.412 -.46 17.3 3.1 76 14.1 1993 Nov 8 2449299.5 13 41.363 -11 26.39 13 41.031 -11 24.47 6.345 -9.42 5.411 -.46 18.1 3.3 63 14.1 1993 Nov 9 2449300.5 13 42.186 -11 30.99 13 41.854 -11 29.08 6.339 -9.78 5.411 -.46 18.9 3.4 49 14.1 1993 Nov 10 2449301.5 13 43.008 -11 35.57 13 42.676 -11 33.66 6.333 -10.14 5.411 -.46 19.6 3.5 35 14.1 1993 Nov 11 2449302.5 13 43.828 -11 40.14 13 43.497 -11 38.23 6.327 -10.49 5.411 -.46 20.4 3.7 20 14.1 1993 Nov 12 2449303.5 13 44.647 -11 44.68 13 44.316 -11 42.78 6.321 -10.85 5.410 -.45 21.2 3.8 6 14.1 1993 Nov 13 2449304.5 13 45.465 -11 49.21 13 45.133 -11 47.31 6.315 -11.20 5.410 -.45 22.0 3.9 10 14.1 1993 Nov 14 2449305.5 13 46.280 -11 53.71 13 45.949 -11 51.82 6.308 -11.55 5.410 -.45 22.8 4.1 24 14.1 1993 Nov 15 2449306.5 13 47.094 -11 58.20 13 46.763 -11 56.31 6.301 -11.90 5.410 -.45 23.6 4.2 39 14.1 1993 Nov 16 2449307.5 13 47.906 -12 02.66 13 47.575 -12 00.78 6.294 -12.25 5.409 -.45 24.4 4.3 53 14.1 1993 Nov 17 2449308.5 13 48.715 -12 07.10 13 48.385 -12 05.22 6.287 -12.60 5.409 -.45 25.2 4.5 67 14.1 1993 Nov 18 2449309.5 13 49.523 -12 11.52 13 49.192 -12 09.65 6.280 -12.94 5.409 -.45 26.0 4.6 80 14.1 1993 Nov 19 2449310.5 13 50.328 -12 15.92 13 49.998 -12 14.05 6.272 -13.28 5.409 -.45 26.8 4.7 93 14.1 1993 Nov 20 2449311.5 13 51.131 -12 20.30 13 50.801 -12 18.43 6.265 -13.62 5.408 -.45 27.6 4.9 105 14.1 1993 Nov 21 2449312.5 13 51.932 -12 24.65 13 51.601 -12 22.79 6.257 -13.96 5.408 -.45 28.4 5.0 117 14.1 1993 Nov 22 2449313.5 13 52.730 -12 28.98 13 52.400 -12 27.12 6.248 -14.29 5.408 -.44 29.2 5.1 129 14.0 1993 Nov 23 2449314.5 13 53.525 -12 33.28 13 53.195 -12 31.42 6.240 -14.62 5.408 -.44 30.0 5.2 141 14.0 1993 Nov 24 2449315.5 13 54.318 -12 37.55 13 53.988 -12 35.71 6.232 -14.95 5.407 -.44 30.8 5.4 153 14.0 1993 Nov 25 2449316.5 13 55.108 -12 41.81 13 54.778 -12 39.96 6.223 -15.27 5.407 -.44 31.6 5.5 164 14.0 1993 Nov 26 2449317.5 13 55.895 -12 46.03 13 55.565 -12 44.19 6.214 -15.60 5.407 -.44 32.4 5.6 175 14.0 1993 Nov 27 2449318.5 13 56.679 -12 50.23 13 56.349 -12 48.40 6.205 -15.92 5.406 -.44 33.2 5.7 172 14.0 1993 Nov 28 2449319.5 13 57.460 -12 54.40 13 57.130 -12 52.57 6.196 -16.23 5.406 -.44 34.0 5.9 160 14.0 1993 Nov 29 2449320.5 13 58.237 -12 58.55 13 57.908 -12 56.72 6.186 -16.55 5.406 -.44 34.8 6.0 148 14.0 1993 Nov 30 2449321.5 13 59.012 -13 02.67 13 58.683 -13 00.85 6.176 -16.86 5.406 -.43 35.7 6.1 136 14.0 1993 Dec 1 2449322.5 13 59.783 -13 06.76 13 59.454 -13 04.94 6.167 -17.17 5.405 -.43 36.5 6.2 123 14.0 1993 Dec 2 2449323.5 14 00.551 -13 10.82 14 00.223 -13 09.01 6.157 -17.48 5.405 -.43 37.3 6.3 111 14.0 1993 Dec 3 2449324.5 14 01.315 -13 14.85 14 00.987 -13 13.04 6.146 -17.79 5.405 -.43 38.1 6.5 98 14.0 1993 Dec 4 2449325.5 14 02.076 -13 18.85 14 01.748 -13 17.05 6.136 -18.09 5.405 -.43 38.9 6.6 85 14.0 1993 Dec 5 2449326.5 14 02.833 -13 22.82 14 02.505 -13 21.03 6.126 -18.39 5.404 -.43 39.7 6.7 72 14.0 1993 Dec 6 2449327.5 14 03.586 -13 26.76 14 03.258 -13 24.98 6.115 -18.69 5.404 -.43 40.6 6.8 58 14.0 1993 Dec 7 2449328.5 14 04.335 -13 30.68 14 04.007 -13 28.89 6.104 -18.99 5.404 -.43 41.4 6.9 44 14.0 1993 Dec 8 2449329.5 14 05.080 -13 34.55 14 04.753 -13 32.77 6.093 -19.28 5.404 -.42 42.2 7.0 30 14.0 1993 Dec 9 2449330.5 14 05.821 -13 38.40 14 05.494 -13 36.63 6.082 -19.57 5.404 -.42 43.0 7.1 16 14.0 1993 Dec 10 2449331.5 14 06.557 -13 42.22 14 06.230 -13 40.44 6.070 -19.86 5.403 -.42 43.8 7.3 3 14.0 1993 Dec 11 2449332.5 14 07.290 -13 46.00 14 06.963 -13 44.23 6.059 -20.14 5.403 -.42 44.7 7.4 13 14.0 1993 Dec 12 2449333.5 14 08.017 -13 49.74 14 07.691 -13 47.98 6.047 -20.42 5.403 -.42 45.5 7.5 27 14.0 1993 Dec 13 2449334.5 14 08.740 -13 53.46 14 08.414 -13 51.70 6.035 -20.70 5.403 -.42 46.3 7.6 41 14.0 1993 Dec 14 2449335.5 14 09.458 -13 57.13 14 09.132 -13 55.39 6.023 -20.97 5.402 -.42 47.2 7.7 55 14.0 1993 Dec 15 2449336.5 14 10.171 -14 00.78 14 09.846 -13 59.03 6.011 -21.24 5.402 -.41 48.0 7.8 69 14.0 1993 Dec 16 2449337.5 14 10.879 -14 04.39 14 10.554 -14 02.65 5.999 -21.50 5.402 -.41 48.8 7.9 82 14.0 1993 Dec 17 2449338.5 14 11.582 -14 07.96 14 11.257 -14 06.22 5.986 -21.76 5.402 -.41 49.7 8.0 95 14.0 Ephemeris (with perturbations) for Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e) - Orbit ref. Yeomans & Chodas, 6/28/93 Date (UT) J.D. R.A. J2000 Dec. R.A. Appn Dec. Delta Deldot r rdot Theta Beta Moon TMag 1993 Dec 18 2449339.5 14 12.280 -14 11.49 14 11.955 -14 09.76 5.973 -22.01 5.401 -.41 50.5 8.1 108 13.9 1993 Dec 19 2449340.5 14 12.972 -14 14.99 14 12.647 -14 13.27 5.961 -22.26 5.401 -.41 51.4 8.2 120 13.9 1993 Dec 20 2449341.5 14 13.658 -14 18.45 14 13.334 -14 16.73 5.948 -22.51 5.401 -.41 52.2 8.3 132 13.9 1993 Dec 21 2449342.5 14 14.339 -14 21.87 14 14.015 -14 20.16 5.935 -22.75 5.401 -.40 53.0 8.4 144 13.9 1993 Dec 22 2449343.5 14 15.015 -14 25.25 14 14.691 -14 23.55 5.921 -22.98 5.400 -.40 53.9 8.5 155 13.9 1993 Dec 23 2449344.5 14 15.684 -14 28.60 14 15.361 -14 26.90 5.908 -23.21 5.400 -.40 54.7 8.6 167 13.9 1993 Dec 24 2449345.5 14 16.347 -14 31.91 14 16.024 -14 30.21 5.895 -23.44 5.400 -.40 55.6 8.6 178 13.9 1993 Dec 25 2449346.5 14 17.005 -14 35.17 14 16.682 -14 33.48 5.881 -23.66 5.400 -.40 56.4 8.7 169 13.9 1993 Dec 26 2449347.5 14 17.656 -14 38.40 14 17.334 -14 36.71 5.867 -23.88 5.399 -.40 57.3 8.8 157 13.9 1993 Dec 27 2449348.5 14 18.301 -14 41.59 14 17.979 -14 39.90 5.853 -24.09 5.399 -.39 58.1 8.9 145 13.9 1993 Dec 28 2449349.5 14 18.939 -14 44.73 14 18.618 -14 43.05 5.839 -24.30 5.399 -.39 59.0 9.0 132 13.9 1993 Dec 29 2449350.5 14 19.571 -14 47.84 14 19.250 -14 46.16 5.825 -24.50 5.399 -.39 59.8 9.1 120 13.9 1993 Dec 30 2449351.5 14 20.197 -14 50.90 14 19.876 -14 49.23 5.811 -24.70 5.399 -.39 60.7 9.1 106 13.9 1993 Dec 31 2449352.5 14 20.816 -14 53.92 14 20.495 -14 52.26 5.797 -24.90 5.398 -.39 61.6 9.2 93 13.9 1994 Jan 1 2449353.5 14 21.427 -14 56.90 14 21.107 -14 55.24 5.782 -25.09 5.398 -.38 62.4 9.3 80 13.9 1994 Jan 2 2449354.5 14 22.032 -14 59.83 14 21.713 -14 58.19 5.768 -25.28 5.398 -.38 63.3 9.4 66 13.9 1994 Jan 3 2449355.5 14 22.630 -15 02.73 14 22.311 -15 01.08 5.753 -25.46 5.398 -.38 64.2 9.4 52 13.9 1994 Jan 4 2449356.5 14 23.221 -15 05.58 14 22.901 -15 03.94 5.738 -25.63 5.397 -.38 65.0 9.5 38 13.9 1994 Jan 5 2449357.5 14 23.804 -15 08.38 14 23.485 -15 06.75 5.724 -25.81 5.397 -.38 65.9 9.6 24 13.9 1994 Jan 6 2449358.5 14 24.379 -15 11.14 14 24.061 -15 09.51 5.709 -25.97 5.397 -.38 66.8 9.6 10 13.8 1994 Jan 7 2449359.5 14 24.948 -15 13.86 14 24.629 -15 12.23 5.694 -26.13 5.397 -.37 67.6 9.7 4 13.8 1994 Jan 8 2449360.5 14 25.508 -15 16.52 14 25.190 -15 14.90 5.678 -26.29 5.397 -.37 68.5 9.8 18 13.8 1994 Jan 9 2449361.5 14 26.060 -15 19.15 14 25.743 -15 17.53 5.663 -26.44 5.396 -.37 69.4 9.8 32 13.8 1994 Jan 10 2449362.5 14 26.604 -15 21.72 14 26.288 -15 20.12 5.648 -26.58 5.396 -.37 70.3 9.9 46 13.8 1994 Jan 11 2449363.5 14 27.140 -15 24.25 14 26.824 -15 22.65 5.633 -26.72 5.396 -.36 71.2 9.9 59 13.8 1994 Jan 12 2449364.5 14 27.668 -15 26.74 14 27.352 -15 25.14 5.617 -26.85 5.396 -.36 72.1 10.0 73 13.8 1994 Jan 13 2449365.5 14 28.188 -15 29.17 14 27.872 -15 27.58 5.602 -26.98 5.396 -.36 72.9 10.0 86 13.8 1994 Jan 14 2449366.5 14 28.698 -15 31.56 14 28.383 -15 29.97 5.586 -27.09 5.395 -.36 73.8 10.1 99 13.8 1994 Jan 15 2449367.5 14 29.200 -15 33.89 14 28.885 -15 32.31 5.570 -27.20 5.395 -.36 74.7 10.1 111 13.8 1994 Jan 16 2449368.5 14 29.693 -15 36.18 14 29.379 -15 34.61 5.554 -27.31 5.395 -.35 75.6 10.2 123 13.8 1994 Jan 17 2449369.5 14 30.178 -15 38.42 14 29.863 -15 36.85 5.539 -27.41 5.395 -.35 76.5 10.2 135 13.8 1994 Jan 18 2449370.5 14 30.653 -15 40.61 14 30.339 -15 39.04 5.523 -27.50 5.395 -.35 77.4 10.3 147 13.8 1994 Jan 19 2449371.5 14 31.119 -15 42.75 14 30.805 -15 41.19 5.507 -27.58 5.394 -.35 78.3 10.3 159 13.8 1994 Jan 20 2449372.5 14 31.575 -15 44.84 14 31.262 -15 43.28 5.491 -27.66 5.394 -.34 79.2 10.3 171 13.8 1994 Jan 21 2449373.5 14 32.023 -15 46.88 14 31.710 -15 45.32 5.475 -27.73 5.394 -.34 80.1 10.4 177 13.8 1994 Jan 22 2449374.5 14 32.461 -15 48.87 14 32.148 -15 47.31 5.459 -27.79 5.394 -.34 81.0 10.4 166 13.7 1994 Jan 23 2449375.5 14 32.889 -15 50.80 14 32.577 -15 49.25 5.443 -27.85 5.394 -.34 81.9 10.4 153 13.7 1994 Jan 24 2449376.5 14 33.307 -15 52.68 14 32.996 -15 51.14 5.427 -27.90 5.393 -.34 82.8 10.4 141 13.7 1994 Jan 25 2449377.5 14 33.716 -15 54.52 14 33.405 -15 52.98 5.411 -27.95 5.393 -.33 83.8 10.5 128 13.7 1994 Jan 26 2449378.5 14 34.115 -15 56.29 14 33.805 -15 54.76 5.394 -27.99 5.393 -.33 84.7 10.5 115 13.7 1994 Jan 27 2449379.5 14 34.504 -15 58.02 14 34.194 -15 56.50 5.378 -28.02 5.393 -.33 85.6 10.5 102 13.7 1994 Jan 28 2449380.5 14 34.883 -15 59.69 14 34.573 -15 58.17 5.362 -28.05 5.393 -.33 86.5 10.5 88 13.7 1994 Jan 29 2449381.5 14 35.251 -16 01.31 14 34.942 -15 59.80 5.346 -28.06 5.392 -.32 87.4 10.5 74 13.7 1994 Jan 30 2449382.5 14 35.609 -16 02.88 14 35.301 -16 01.37 5.330 -28.08 5.392 -.32 88.4 10.5 59 13.7 1994 Jan 31 2449383.5 14 35.957 -16 04.39 14 35.649 -16 02.88 5.313 -28.08 5.392 -.32 89.3 10.5 45 13.7 1994 Feb 1 2449384.5 14 36.294 -16 05.85 14 35.986 -16 04.34 5.297 -28.08 5.392 -.31 90.2 10.5 31 13.7 1994 Feb 2 2449385.5 14 36.621 -16 07.25 14 36.313 -16 05.75 5.281 -28.08 5.392 -.31 91.2 10.5 17 13.7 1994 Feb 3 2449386.5 14 36.937 -16 08.60 14 36.629 -16 07.10 5.265 -28.06 5.391 -.31 92.1 10.5 3 13.7 1994 Feb 4 2449387.5 14 37.242 -16 09.89 14 36.935 -16 08.39 5.249 -28.04 5.391 -.31 93.0 10.5 12 13.7 1994 Feb 5 2449388.5 14 37.535 -16 11.12 14 37.229 -16 09.63 5.232 -28.01 5.391 -.30 94.0 10.5 25 13.7 Ephemeris (with perturbations) for Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e) - Orbit ref. Yeomans & Chodas, 6/28/93 Date (UT) J.D. R.A. J2000 Dec. R.A. Appn Dec. Delta Deldot r rdot Theta Beta Moon TMag 1994 Feb 6 2449389.5 14 37.818 -16 12.30 14 37.513 -16 10.81 5.216 -27.98 5.391 -.30 94.9 10.5 39 13.6 1994 Feb 7 2449390.5 14 38.090 -16 13.42 14 37.785 -16 11.94 5.200 -27.93 5.391 -.30 95.9 10.5 52 13.6 1994 Feb 8 2449391.5 14 38.350 -16 14.48 14 38.045 -16 13.01 5.184 -27.88 5.391 -.30 96.8 10.5 66 13.6 1994 Feb 9 2449392.5 14 38.598 -16 15.49 14 38.294 -16 14.02 5.168 -27.82 5.390 -.29 97.8 10.4 79 13.6 1994 Feb 10 2449393.5 14 38.836 -16 16.44 14 38.532 -16 14.97 5.152 -27.75 5.390 -.29 98.7 10.4 92 13.6 1994 Feb 11 2449394.5 14 39.061 -16 17.33 14 38.758 -16 15.86 5.136 -27.67 5.390 -.29 99.7 10.4 104 13.6 1994 Feb 12 2449395.5 14 39.275 -16 18.16 14 38.972 -16 16.70 5.120 -27.59 5.390 -.28 100.6 10.4 117 13.6 1994 Feb 13 2449396.5 14 39.477 -16 18.93 14 39.175 -16 17.47 5.104 -27.49 5.390 -.28 101.6 10.3 129 13.6 1994 Feb 14 2449397.5 14 39.668 -16 19.65 14 39.366 -16 18.19 5.088 -27.39 5.390 -.28 102.5 10.3 141 13.6 1994 Feb 15 2449398.5 14 39.846 -16 20.30 14 39.545 -16 18.85 5.072 -27.28 5.389 -.27 103.5 10.3 153 13.6 1994 Feb 16 2449399.5 14 40.013 -16 20.90 14 39.712 -16 19.45 5.057 -27.16 5.389 -.27 104.5 10.2 165 13.6 1994 Feb 17 2449400.5 14 40.168 -16 21.43 14 39.867 -16 19.99 5.041 -27.03 5.389 -.27 105.5 10.2 176 13.6 1994 Feb 18 2449401.5 14 40.311 -16 21.91 14 40.010 -16 20.47 5.025 -26.90 5.389 -.27 106.4 10.1 172 13.6 1994 Feb 19 2449402.5 14 40.441 -16 22.33 14 40.141 -16 20.88 5.010 -26.75 5.389 -.26 107.4 10.1 160 13.6 1994 Feb 20 2449403.5 14 40.560 -16 22.68 14 40.261 -16 21.24 4.995 -26.60 5.389 -.26 108.4 10.0 148 13.5 1994 Feb 21 2449404.5 14 40.667 -16 22.98 14 40.368 -16 21.54 4.979 -26.45 5.389 -.26 109.4 10.0 135 13.5 1994 Feb 22 2449405.5 14 40.761 -16 23.21 14 40.463 -16 21.78 4.964 -26.28 5.388 -.25 110.3 9.9 122 13.5 1994 Feb 23 2449406.5 14 40.844 -16 23.39 14 40.546 -16 21.96 4.949 -26.11 5.388 -.25 111.3 9.8 109 13.5 1994 Feb 24 2449407.5 14 40.914 -16 23.51 14 40.617 -16 22.08 4.934 -25.93 5.388 -.25 112.3 9.8 95 13.5 1994 Feb 25 2449408.5 14 40.972 -16 23.56 14 40.675 -16 22.14 4.919 -25.74 5.388 -.24 113.3 9.7 81 13.5 1994 Feb 26 2449409.5 14 41.018 -16 23.55 14 40.722 -16 22.14 4.904 -25.54 5.388 -.24 114.3 9.6 66 13.5 1994 Feb 27 2449410.5 14 41.052 -16 23.49 14 40.756 -16 22.07 4.889 -25.34 5.388 -.24 115.3 9.6 52 13.5 1994 Feb 28 2449411.5 14 41.073 -16 23.36 14 40.778 -16 21.94 4.875 -25.13 5.388 -.23 116.3 9.5 37 13.5 1994 Mar 1 2449412.5 14 41.083 -16 23.17 14 40.788 -16 21.76 4.860 -24.91 5.387 -.23 117.3 9.4 22 13.5 1994 Mar 2 2449413.5 14 41.080 -16 22.92 14 40.785 -16 21.51 4.846 -24.69 5.387 -.23 118.3 9.3 7 13.5 1994 Mar 3 2449414.5 14 41.065 -16 22.61 14 40.771 -16 21.20 4.832 -24.45 5.387 -.22 119.3 9.2 7 13.5 1994 Mar 4 2449415.5 14 41.038 -16 22.24 14 40.744 -16 20.83 4.818 -24.21 5.387 -.22 120.3 9.1 21 13.5 1994 Mar 5 2449416.5 14 40.999 -16 21.80 14 40.706 -16 20.40 4.804 -23.96 5.387 -.21 121.3 9.0 35 13.5 1994 Mar 6 2449417.5 14 40.948 -16 21.31 14 40.655 -16 19.91 4.790 -23.70 5.387 -.21 122.4 8.9 49 13.5 1994 Mar 7 2449418.5 14 40.884 -16 20.75 14 40.592 -16 19.35 4.777 -23.44 5.387 -.21 123.4 8.8 62 13.4 1994 Mar 8 2449419.5 14 40.808 -16 20.13 14 40.517 -16 18.74 4.763 -23.16 5.387 -.20 124.4 8.7 75 13.4 1994 Mar 9 2449420.5 14 40.721 -16 19.46 14 40.429 -16 18.06 4.750 -22.88 5.386 -.20 125.4 8.6 88 13.4 1994 Mar 10 2449421.5 14 40.621 -16 18.72 14 40.330 -16 17.32 4.737 -22.58 5.386 -.20 126.5 8.5 100 13.4 1994 Mar 11 2449422.5 14 40.509 -16 17.92 14 40.219 -16 16.52 4.724 -22.28 5.386 -.19 127.5 8.4 113 13.4 1994 Mar 12 2449423.5 14 40.386 -16 17.06 14 40.096 -16 15.66 4.711 -21.98 5.386 -.19 128.5 8.3 125 13.4 1994 Mar 13 2449424.5 14 40.251 -16 16.13 14 39.961 -16 14.74 4.698 -21.66 5.386 -.18 129.5 8.2 137 13.4 1994 Mar 14 2449425.5 14 40.104 -16 15.15 14 39.814 -16 13.76 4.686 -21.33 5.386 -.18 130.6 8.1 149 13.4 1994 Mar 15 2449426.5 14 39.945 -16 14.11 14 39.656 -16 12.72 4.674 -21.00 5.386 -.18 131.6 7.9 161 13.4 1994 Mar 16 2449427.5 14 39.776 -16 13.01 14 39.487 -16 11.62 4.662 -20.66 5.386 -.17 132.7 7.8 173 13.4 1994 Mar 17 2449428.5 14 39.595 -16 11.85 14 39.306 -16 10.46 4.650 -20.31 5.386 -.17 133.7 7.7 175 13.4 1994 Mar 18 2449429.5 14 39.402 -16 10.63 14 39.115 -16 09.24 4.638 -19.96 5.385 -.16 134.8 7.5 163 13.4 1994 Mar 19 2449430.5 14 39.199 -16 09.36 14 38.912 -16 07.97 4.627 -19.60 5.385 -.16 135.8 7.4 151 13.4 1994 Mar 20 2449431.5 14 38.985 -16 08.02 14 38.699 -16 06.64 4.616 -19.23 5.385 -.15 136.8 7.3 139 13.4 1994 Mar 21 2449432.5 14 38.761 -16 06.63 14 38.475 -16 05.25 4.605 -18.85 5.385 -.15 137.9 7.1 126 13.4 1994 Mar 22 2449433.5 14 38.526 -16 05.18 14 38.240 -16 03.80 4.594 -18.47 5.385 -.15 139.0 7.0 113 13.4 1994 Mar 23 2449434.5 14 38.280 -16 03.68 14 37.995 -16 02.30 4.583 -18.08 5.385 -.14 140.0 6.8 100 13.4 1994 Mar 24 2449435.5 14 38.025 -16 02.12 14 37.740 -16 00.74 4.573 -17.69 5.385 -.14 141.1 6.7 86 13.4 1994 Mar 25 2449436.5 14 37.759 -16 00.51 14 37.475 -15 59.13 4.563 -17.29 5.385 -.13 142.1 6.5 72 13.3 1994 Mar 26 2449437.5 14 37.484 -15 58.84 14 37.200 -15 57.46 4.553 -16.88 5.385 -.13 143.2 6.4 57 13.3 1994 Mar 27 2449438.5 14 37.199 -15 57.12 14 36.915 -15 55.74 4.543 -16.47 5.385 -.12 144.3 6.2 42 13.3 Ephemeris (with perturbations) for Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e) - Orbit ref. Yeomans & Chodas, 6/28/93 Date (UT) J.D. R.A. J2000 Dec. R.A. Appn Dec. Delta Deldot r rdot Theta Beta Moon TMag 1994 Mar 28 2449439.5 14 36.905 -15 55.35 14 36.621 -15 53.97 4.534 -16.05 5.385 -.12 145.3 6.1 27 13.3 1994 Mar 29 2449440.5 14 36.601 -15 53.52 14 36.318 -15 52.14 4.525 -15.63 5.385 -.11 146.4 5.9 12 13.3 1994 Mar 30 2449441.5 14 36.289 -15 51.65 14 36.006 -15 50.26 4.516 -15.20 5.385 -.11 147.5 5.7 3 13.3 1994 Mar 31 2449442.5 14 35.968 -15 49.72 14 35.686 -15 48.34 4.507 -14.77 5.384 -.10 148.5 5.6 18 13.3 1994 Apr 1 2449443.5 14 35.638 -15 47.74 14 35.356 -15 46.36 4.499 -14.33 5.384 -.10 149.6 5.4 33 13.3 1994 Apr 2 2449444.5 14 35.300 -15 45.72 14 35.019 -15 44.34 4.491 -13.88 5.384 -.09 150.7 5.2 47 13.3 1994 Apr 3 2449445.5 14 34.954 -15 43.65 14 34.673 -15 42.26 4.483 -13.43 5.384 -.09 151.7 5.0 60 13.3 1994 Apr 4 2449446.5 14 34.600 -15 41.53 14 34.319 -15 40.14 4.475 -12.97 5.384 -.08 152.8 4.9 74 13.3 1994 Apr 5 2449447.5 14 34.238 -15 39.36 14 33.958 -15 37.98 4.468 -12.51 5.384 -.08 153.9 4.7 87 13.3 1994 Apr 6 2449448.5 14 33.869 -15 37.15 14 33.589 -15 35.77 4.461 -12.04 5.384 -.07 155.0 4.5 99 13.3 1994 Apr 7 2449449.5 14 33.493 -15 34.90 14 33.214 -15 33.52 4.454 -11.56 5.384 -.07 156.1 4.3 112 13.3 1994 Apr 8 2449450.5 14 33.110 -15 32.60 14 32.831 -15 31.22 4.447 -11.09 5.384 -.06 157.2 4.1 124 13.3 1994 Apr 9 2449451.5 14 32.720 -15 30.27 14 32.442 -15 28.88 4.441 -10.60 5.384 -.06 158.2 4.0 136 13.3 1994 Apr 10 2449452.5 14 32.325 -15 27.89 14 32.046 -15 26.50 4.435 -10.11 5.384 -.05 159.3 3.8 148 13.3 1994 Apr 11 2449453.5 14 31.923 -15 25.47 14 31.645 -15 24.09 4.429 -9.62 5.384 -.05 160.4 3.6 160 13.3 1994 Apr 12 2449454.5 14 31.516 -15 23.02 14 31.238 -15 21.63 4.424 -9.12 5.384 -.04 161.5 3.4 172 13.3 1994 Apr 13 2449455.5 14 31.104 -15 20.53 14 30.827 -15 19.15 4.419 -8.62 5.384 -.04 162.6 3.2 176 13.3 1994 Apr 14 2449456.5 14 30.687 -15 18.01 14 30.410 -15 16.62 4.414 -8.12 5.384 -.03 163.7 3.0 164 13.3 1994 Apr 15 2449457.5 14 30.265 -15 15.46 14 29.989 -15 14.07 4.409 -7.61 5.384 -.03 164.8 2.8 152 13.3 1994 Apr 16 2449458.5 14 29.840 -15 12.87 14 29.563 -15 11.48 4.405 -7.11 5.384 -.02 165.8 2.6 140 13.3 1994 Apr 17 2449459.5 14 29.410 -15 10.26 14 29.134 -15 08.87 4.401 -6.59 5.384 -.01 166.9 2.4 128 13.3 1994 Apr 18 2449460.5 14 28.977 -15 07.62 14 28.701 -15 06.22 4.398 -6.08 5.384 -.01 168.0 2.2 115 13.3 1994 Apr 19 2449461.5 14 28.540 -15 04.95 14 28.265 -15 03.55 4.394 -5.57 5.384 .00 169.1 2.0 102 13.3 1994 Apr 20 2449462.5 14 28.101 -15 02.25 14 27.826 -15 00.86 4.391 -5.05 5.384 .00 170.2 1.8 89 13.3 1994 Apr 21 2449463.5 14 27.660 -14 59.54 14 27.385 -14 58.14 4.388 -4.53 5.384 .01 171.3 1.6 75 13.3 1994 Apr 22 2449464.5 14 27.216 -14 56.80 14 26.941 -14 55.40 4.386 -4.01 5.384 .02 172.4 1.4 61 13.3 1994 Apr 23 2449465.5 14 26.770 -14 54.04 14 26.496 -14 52.64 4.384 -3.50 5.384 .02 173.5 1.2 46 13.3 1994 Apr 24 2449466.5 14 26.323 -14 51.27 14 26.049 -14 49.87 4.382 -2.98 5.384 .03 174.6 1.0 31 13.3 1994 Apr 25 2449467.5 14 25.875 -14 48.47 14 25.601 -14 47.07 4.380 -2.46 5.384 .04 175.7 .8 16 13.3 1994 Apr 26 2449468.5 14 25.426 -14 45.67 14 25.153 -14 44.26 4.379 -1.94 5.384 .04 176.8 .6 1 13.3 1994 Apr 27 2449469.5 14 24.977 -14 42.85 14 24.704 -14 41.44 4.378 -1.42 5.384 .05 177.8 .4 15 13.3 1994 Apr 28 2449470.5 14 24.528 -14 40.01 14 24.254 -14 38.61 4.377 -.90 5.384 .06 178.9 .2 30 13.3 1994 Apr 29 2449471.5 14 24.078 -14 37.17 14 23.806 -14 35.77 4.377 -.38 5.384 .06 179.7 .1 44 13.3 1994 Apr 30 2449472.5 14 23.629 -14 34.32 14 23.357 -14 32.92 4.377 .15 5.384 .07 178.8 .2 59 13.3 1994 May 1 2449473.5 14 23.181 -14 31.47 14 22.909 -14 30.06 4.377 .67 5.384 .08 177.8 .4 73 13.3 1994 May 2 2449474.5 14 22.735 -14 28.61 14 22.463 -14 27.20 4.378 1.19 5.384 .08 176.7 .6 86 13.3 1994 May 3 2449475.5 14 22.289 -14 25.75 14 22.018 -14 24.34 4.379 1.71 5.384 .09 175.6 .8 99 13.3 1994 May 4 2449476.5 14 21.846 -14 22.88 14 21.575 -14 21.47 4.380 2.23 5.384 .10 174.5 1.0 112 13.3 1994 May 5 2449477.5 14 21.405 -14 20.02 14 21.134 -14 18.61 4.381 2.75 5.384 .11 173.4 1.2 124 13.3 1994 May 6 2449478.5 14 20.966 -14 17.16 14 20.695 -14 15.75 4.383 3.27 5.384 .11 172.3 1.4 136 13.3 1994 May 7 2449479.5 14 20.531 -14 14.30 14 20.260 -14 12.89 4.385 3.79 5.384 .12 171.3 1.6 148 13.3 1994 May 8 2449480.5 14 20.098 -14 11.46 14 19.827 -14 10.04 4.387 4.30 5.385 .13 170.2 1.8 160 13.3 1994 May 9 2449481.5 14 19.670 -14 08.62 14 19.399 -14 07.20 4.390 4.82 5.385 .14 169.1 2.0 172 13.3 1994 May 10 2449482.5 14 19.245 -14 05.79 14 18.974 -14 04.36 4.393 5.33 5.385 .14 168.0 2.2 176 13.3 1994 May 11 2449483.5 14 18.824 -14 02.97 14 18.554 -14 01.55 4.396 5.84 5.385 .15 166.9 2.4 164 13.3 1994 May 12 2449484.5 14 18.408 -14 00.17 14 18.138 -13 58.74 4.400 6.34 5.385 .16 165.9 2.6 152 13.3 1994 May 13 2449485.5 14 17.997 -13 57.38 14 17.727 -13 55.95 4.403 6.84 5.385 .17 164.8 2.8 140 13.3 1994 May 14 2449486.5 14 17.592 -13 54.61 14 17.322 -13 53.18 4.407 7.34 5.385 .18 163.7 3.0 127 13.3 1994 May 15 2449487.5 14 17.192 -13 51.86 14 16.922 -13 50.43 4.412 7.84 5.385 .19 162.6 3.2 115 13.3 1994 May 16 2449488.5 14 16.797 -13 49.13 14 16.528 -13 47.70 4.417 8.33 5.385 .19 161.6 3.4 102 13.3 Ephemeris (with perturbations) for Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e) - Orbit ref. Yeomans & Chodas, 6/28/93 Date (UT) J.D. R.A. J2000 Dec. R.A. Appn Dec. Delta Deldot r rdot Theta Beta Moon TMag 1994 May 17 2449489.5 14 16.409 -13 46.42 14 16.140 -13 44.99 4.421 8.81 5.385 .20 160.5 3.6 89 13.3 1994 May 18 2449490.5 14 16.028 -13 43.74 14 15.759 -13 42.31 4.427 9.29 5.385 .21 159.4 3.8 76 13.3 1994 May 19 2449491.5 14 15.653 -13 41.08 14 15.384 -13 39.65 4.432 9.77 5.386 .22 158.4 4.0 63 13.3 1994 May 20 2449492.5 14 15.285 -13 38.46 14 15.016 -13 37.02 4.438 10.24 5.386 .23 157.3 4.2 49 13.3 1994 May 21 2449493.5 14 14.925 -13 35.86 14 14.656 -13 34.42 4.444 10.71 5.386 .24 156.3 4.3 34 13.3 1994 May 22 2449494.5 14 14.572 -13 33.29 14 14.303 -13 31.85 4.450 11.17 5.386 .25 155.2 4.5 20 13.3 1994 May 23 2449495.5 14 14.227 -13 30.75 14 13.957 -13 29.31 4.457 11.63 5.386 .26 154.1 4.7 5 13.3 1994 May 24 2449496.5 14 13.890 -13 28.24 14 13.620 -13 26.80 4.464 12.08 5.386 .27 153.1 4.9 11 13.3 1994 May 25 2449497.5 14 13.561 -13 25.77 14 13.291 -13 24.33 4.471 12.52 5.386 .28 152.0 5.1 26 13.3 1994 May 26 2449498.5 14 13.240 -13 23.34 14 12.971 -13 21.89 4.478 12.97 5.387 .29 151.0 5.2 41 13.3 1994 May 27 2449499.5 14 12.928 -13 20.94 14 12.659 -13 19.49 4.486 13.40 5.387 .30 150.0 5.4 56 13.3 1994 May 28 2449500.5 14 12.625 -13 18.58 14 12.356 -13 17.13 4.494 13.83 5.387 .31 148.9 5.6 70 13.3 1994 May 29 2449501.5 14 12.330 -13 16.26 14 12.062 -13 14.81 4.502 14.26 5.387 .32 147.9 5.7 84 13.3 1994 May 30 2449502.5 14 12.045 -13 13.98 14 11.777 -13 12.53 4.510 14.68 5.387 .33 146.8 5.9 97 13.3 1994 May 31 2449503.5 14 11.770 -13 11.75 14 11.501 -13 10.29 4.519 15.10 5.388 .35 145.8 6.1 110 13.3 1994 Jun 1 2449504.5 14 11.504 -13 09.55 14 11.235 -13 08.10 4.528 15.51 5.388 .36 144.8 6.2 123 13.3 1994 Jun 2 2449505.5 14 11.248 -13 07.40 14 10.979 -13 05.94 4.537 15.92 5.388 .37 143.7 6.4 135 13.3 1994 Jun 3 2449506.5 14 11.001 -13 05.30 14 10.733 -13 03.84 4.546 16.32 5.388 .38 142.7 6.5 148 13.3 1994 Jun 4 2449507.5 14 10.765 -13 03.24 14 10.497 -13 01.78 4.556 16.71 5.388 .39 141.7 6.7 160 13.3 1994 Jun 5 2449508.5 14 10.540 -13 01.22 14 10.271 -12 59.76 4.565 17.10 5.389 .41 140.7 6.9 171 13.4 1994 Jun 6 2449509.5 14 10.325 -12 59.26 14 10.056 -12 57.79 4.575 17.48 5.389 .42 139.7 7.0 176 13.4 1994 Jun 7 2449510.5 14 10.120 -12 57.34 14 09.851 -12 55.88 4.586 17.86 5.389 .43 138.6 7.1 165 13.4 1994 Jun 8 2449511.5 14 09.927 -12 55.48 14 09.658 -12 54.01 4.596 18.23 5.389 .45 137.6 7.3 153 13.4 1994 Jun 9 2449512.5 14 09.744 -12 53.66 14 09.475 -12 52.19 4.607 18.59 5.390 .46 136.6 7.4 141 13.4 1994 Jun 10 2449513.5 14 09.573 -12 51.89 14 09.304 -12 50.43 4.617 18.95 5.390 .47 135.6 7.6 128 13.4 1994 Jun 11 2449514.5 14 09.413 -12 50.18 14 09.144 -12 48.71 4.628 19.29 5.390 .49 134.6 7.7 116 13.4 1994 Jun 12 2449515.5 14 09.264 -12 48.52 14 08.995 -12 47.05 4.640 19.63 5.390 .50 133.6 7.8 103 13.4 1994 Jun 13 2449516.5 14 09.127 -12 46.91 14 08.858 -12 45.44 4.651 19.97 5.391 .52 132.6 8.0 90 13.4 1994 Jun 14 2449517.5 14 09.002 -12 45.36 14 08.733 -12 43.88 4.663 20.29 5.391 .54 131.6 8.1 77 13.4 1994 Jun 15 2449518.5 14 08.888 -12 43.85 14 08.619 -12 42.38 4.675 20.61 5.391 .55 130.6 8.2 64 13.4 1994 Jun 16 2449519.5 14 08.786 -12 42.41 14 08.517 -12 40.93 4.687 20.92 5.392 .57 129.6 8.3 51 13.4 1994 Jun 17 2449520.5 14 08.696 -12 41.01 14 08.427 -12 39.54 4.699 21.23 5.392 .59 128.7 8.5 37 13.4 1994 Jun 18 2449521.5 14 08.618 -12 39.67 14 08.349 -12 38.19 4.711 21.53 5.392 .60 127.7 8.6 23 13.4 1994 Jun 19 2449522.5 14 08.552 -12 38.39 14 08.283 -12 36.91 4.724 21.81 5.393 .62 126.7 8.7 8 13.4 1994 Jun 20 2449523.5 14 08.499 -12 37.15 14 08.229 -12 35.67 4.736 22.10 5.393 .64 125.7 8.8 7 13.4 1994 Jun 21 2449524.5 14 08.457 -12 35.98 14 08.188 -12 34.49 4.749 22.37 5.394 .66 124.8 8.9 21 13.4 1994 Jun 22 2449525.5 14 08.428 -12 34.85 14 08.158 -12 33.37 4.762 22.64 5.394 .68 123.8 9.0 36 13.4 1994 Jun 23 2449526.5 14 08.411 -12 33.78 14 08.141 -12 32.30 4.775 22.90 5.394 .70 122.8 9.1 51 13.5 1994 Jun 24 2449527.5 14 08.407 -12 32.77 14 08.137 -12 31.28 4.789 23.16 5.395 .72 121.9 9.2 65 13.5 1994 Jun 25 2449528.5 14 08.415 -12 31.80 14 08.145 -12 30.32 4.802 23.41 5.395 .75 120.9 9.3 79 13.5 1994 Jun 26 2449529.5 14 08.435 -12 30.89 14 08.165 -12 29.41 4.816 23.66 5.396 .77 120.0 9.4 93 13.5 1994 Jun 27 2449530.5 14 08.468 -12 30.03 14 08.198 -12 28.55 4.829 23.90 5.396 .80 119.0 9.5 107 13.5 1994 Jun 28 2449531.5 14 08.514 -12 29.23 14 08.243 -12 27.74 4.843 24.13 5.396 .82 118.1 9.6 120 13.5 1994 Jun 29 2449532.5 14 08.572 -12 28.47 14 08.301 -12 26.99 4.857 24.36 5.397 .85 117.1 9.7 132 13.5 1994 Jun 30 2449533.5 14 08.643 -12 27.77 14 08.372 -12 26.28 4.871 24.58 5.397 .88 116.2 9.7 144 13.5 1994 Jul 1 2449534.5 14 08.727 -12 27.11 14 08.456 -12 25.63 4.886 24.79 5.398 .91 115.2 9.8 156 13.5 1994 Jul 2 2449535.5 14 08.824 -12 26.51 14 08.553 -12 25.02 4.900 25.00 5.399 .94 114.3 9.9 168 13.5 1994 Jul 3 2449536.5 14 08.934 -12 25.95 14 08.663 -12 24.46 4.915 25.20 5.399 .97 113.4 10.0 178 13.5 1994 Jul 4 2449537.5 14 09.057 -12 25.44 14 08.786 -12 23.95 4.929 25.40 5.400 1.01 112.4 10.0 168 13.5 1994 Jul 5 2449538.5 14 09.194 -12 24.97 14 08.922 -12 23.48 4.944 25.59 5.400 1.04 111.5 10.1 156 13.5 Ephemeris (with perturbations) for Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e) - Orbit ref. Yeomans & Chodas, 6/28/93 Date (UT) J.D. R.A. J2000 Dec. R.A. Appn Dec. Delta Deldot r rdot Theta Beta Moon TMag 1994 Jul 6 2449539.5 14 09.344 -12 24.55 14 09.072 -12 23.06 4.959 25.78 5.401 1.08 110.6 10.1 144 13.5 1994 Jul 7 2449540.5 14 09.508 -12 24.17 14 09.236 -12 22.68 4.974 25.96 5.401 1.13 109.7 10.2 132 13.5 1994 Jul 8 2449541.5 14 09.685 -12 23.83 14 09.413 -12 22.34 4.989 26.13 5.402 1.17 108.8 10.3 119 13.6 1994 Jul 9 2449542.5 14 09.877 -12 23.53 14 09.605 -12 22.04 5.004 26.30 5.403 1.22 107.8 10.3 107 13.6 1994 Jul 10 2449543.5 14 10.083 -12 23.26 14 09.811 -12 21.77 5.019 26.47 5.404 1.28 106.9 10.4 94 13.6 1994 Jul 11 2449544.5 14 10.303 -12 23.02 14 10.031 -12 21.53 5.034 26.63 5.404 1.34 106.0 10.4 81 13.6 1994 Jul 12 2449545.5 14 10.539 -12 22.80 14 10.267 -12 21.31 5.050 26.79 5.405 1.40 105.1 10.5 67 13.6 1994 Jul 13 2449546.5 14 10.790 -12 22.60 14 10.518 -12 21.11 5.065 26.94 5.406 1.48 104.2 10.5 54 13.6 1994 Jul 14 2449547.5 14 11.058 -12 22.42 14 10.785 -12 20.93 5.081 27.09 5.407 1.56 103.3 10.5 40 13.6 1994 Jul 15 2449548.5 14 11.342 -12 22.24 14 11.069 -12 20.75 5.097 27.25 5.408 1.66 102.5 10.6 27 13.6 1994 Jul 16 2449549.5 14 11.645 -12 22.05 14 11.371 -12 20.55 5.112 27.41 5.409 1.78 101.6 10.6 13 13.6 1994 Jul 17 2449550.5 14 11.967 -12 21.82 14 11.694 -12 20.33 5.128 27.57 5.410 1.93 100.7 10.6 3 13.6 1994 Jul 18 2449551.5 14 12.313 -12 21.54 14 12.039 -12 20.04 5.144 27.76 5.411 2.11 99.8 10.7 16 13.6 1994 Jul 19 2449552.5 14 12.685 -12 21.14 14 12.411 -12 19.64 5.160 27.97 5.412 2.36 98.9 10.7 30 13.6 1994 Jul 20 2449553.5 14 13.095 -12 20.51 14 12.821 -12 19.02 5.177 28.25 5.414 2.76 98.1 10.7 44 13.6 1994 Jul 21 2449554.5 14 13.570 -12 19.30 14 13.295 -12 17.81 5.193 28.68 5.416 3.56 97.2 10.7 59 13.7 1994 Jul 22 2449555.5 14 13.776 -12 17.70 14 13.502 -12 16.21 5.206 20.81 5.413 -8.31 96.3 10.8 73 13.7 1994 Jul 23 2449556.5 14 13.693 -12 20.53 14 13.418 -12 19.05 5.219 23.13 5.409 -5.19 95.4 10.8 87 13.7 1994 Jul 24 2449557.5 14 13.697 -12 23.21 14 13.422 -12 21.72 5.233 23.84 5.407 -4.26 94.4 10.8 100 13.7 1994 Jul 25 2449558.5 14 13.745 -12 25.82 14 13.470 -12 24.33 5.246 24.22 5.404 -3.77 93.5 10.8 113 13.7 Explanation of Symbols J.D. = Julian Date (UT) R.A. J2000 Dec. = Geocentric astrometric right ascension and declination referred to the mean equator and equinox of J2000. Light time corrections have been applied R.A. Appn Dec. = Geocentric apparent right ascension and declination. Light time, annual aberration, precession, and nutation corrections have been applied Delta = Geocentric distance of object in AU Deldot = Geocentric radial velocity of object in km/s r = Heliocentric distance of object in AU rdot = Heliocentric radial velocity of object in km/s Theta = Sun-Earth-Object angle in degrees Beta = Sun-Object-Earth angle in degrees Moon = Object-Earth-Moon angle in degrees TMag = Total magnitude = 2.7 + 5.00*log(Delta) + 10.00*log(r) This ephemeris is consistent with the following osculating orbital elements: Epoch 2449166.50000 = 1993 Jun 28.00000 TDB Perihelion Time, T 2450878.70444 = 1998 Mar 6.20444 TDB Perihelion Distance, q 4.8556743 AU Eccentricity, e .0627607 Arg. of Perihelion 22.89111 deg Long. of Ascending Node 318.38618 deg Inclination, i 1.29686 deg In the above orbital elements, the angles are referred to the ecliptic and equinox of J2000 The following heliocentric orbit by Yeomans and Chodas includes the most recent astromeric data on June 26. The pre-fit residuals for the June 26 observations were about 2-3 arc seconds. Object: Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e) Ref. Solution: 22 Planetary Ephemeris: DE200 No. Observations: 129 Observation Arc: 1993 Mar 17 - 1993 Jun 26 ---- Residual Summary ---- RA Dec Total Mean .160 -.033 .163 RMS, unweighted 1.550 1.151 1.365 RMS, weighted 1.383 Normalized RMS 1.072 ---- Corrected Elements (J2000): Solution 22 Epoch 2449200.50000 = 1993 Aug 1.00000 Post-Fit Std.Dev. EC .0499562512292396 .0003019986 QR 5.0021653838603880 .0008375989 TP 2450783.1226814507 9.4197141290 1997 Nov 30.62268 OM 297.12818698675980 .0672970752 W 32.93888433999164 .6798265373 IN 1.11096774473612 .0003716352 ---- Elements at other epochs: Epoch (ET) EC QR TP OM W IN 2448682.5 1992 Mar 1.0 .15717700 5.45349878 2448925.583451 165.659424 12.984664 5.207925 1992 Oct 30.083451 2448988.5 1993 Jan 1.0 .15507647 4.00704946 2450852.245464 353.098738 6.442061 4.048076 1998 Feb 7.745464 2449166.5 1993 Jun 28.0 .06276073 4.85567431 2450878.704444 318.386177 22.891113 1.296865 1998 Mar 6.204444 2449480.5 1994 May 8.0 .20734236 5.38320871 2449445.348452 220.936734 355.287453 5.783415 1994 Apr 2.848452 2449655.5 1994 Oct 30.0 .22795013 3.44212671 2450980.412773 49.145549 336.206689 7.606947 1998 Jun 15.912773 TO: CFAPS1::BRIAN FROM: 14388::DKY SUBJ. 1993e Shoemaker-Levy 9 COPIES TO: CFAPS1::DAN CFAPS1::GARETH ASTROG::GSHOEMAKER AMES::"WEAVER@stsci.edu" AMES::"c1993e@astro.UMD.EDU" We've done another updated orbit for comet 1993e including the astrometric data through June 26, 1993. All of these data are for the central portion of the elongated image. Don Yeomans 7-7-1993 Object: Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e) Ref. Solution: 24 Planetary Ephemeris: DE200 No. Observations: 143 Observation Arc: 1993 Mar 17 - 1993 Jun 26 ---- Residual Summary ---- RA Dec Total Mean .166 -.057 .175 RMS, unweighted 1.520 1.057 1.309 RMS, weighted 1.317 Normalized RMS 1.025 ---- Corrected Elements (J2000): Solution 24 Epoch 2449200.50000 = 1993 Aug 1.00000 Post-Fit Std.Dev. EC .0500851659263537 .0002890878 QR 5.0026719197841520 .0007827370 TP 2450773.1029436161 8.8911662335 1997 Nov 20.60294 OM 296.95313867841830 .0631280610 W 32.32031005923340 .6398825140 IN 1.11001278613011 .0003413994 ---- Elements at other epochs: Epoch (ET) EC QR TP OM W IN 2448682.5 1992 Mar 1.0 .15699919 5.45181744 2448924.593248 165.674960 12.885949 5.207086 1992 Oct 29.093248 2448988.5 1993 Jan 1.0 .15492636 4.00836262 2450848.745584 353.090849 6.171227 4.045706 1998 Feb 4.245584 2449166.5 1993 Jun 28.0 .06278420 4.85660305 2450870.477917 318.292401 22.326331 1.295158 1998 Feb 25.977917 2449480.5 1994 May 8.0 .20863827 5.38159933 2449442.223049 220.874823 355.095409 5.831137 1994 Mar 30.723049 2449655.5 1994 Oct 30.0 .22654687 3.45355339 2450981.605718 49.055721 336.080807 7.559737 1998 Jun 17.105718 If we now consider the Jovicentric frame, the following information applies: July 1994 Jupiter entry: Entry assumed at 69,700 km from Jupiter's center Time of entry = 1994 July 20.5 TDB Jupiter latitude = -45 deg. Rel. vel. = 60.0 km/s Eccen. = 0.9988 Orbital Incl. = 83 deg. w/r to Jupiter's equator Sun-Comet-Jupiter angle = 64 deg. (night side) perijove = 34,225 km = 0.49 Jupiter radii 1993 Apojove Time of apojove = 1993 July 14.0 TDB r = 49,497,661 km = 0.331 AU from Jupiter's center Eccen. = 0.993 Orbital Incl. = 55 deg. w/r to Jupiter's equator Sun-Comet-Jupiter angle = 90 deg. perijove = 163,819 km 1992 Perijove Time of perijove = 1992 July 7.9 TDB Jupiter latitude = 44 deg. Rel. vel. = 49 km/s Eccen. = 0.996 Orbital Incl. = 66 deg. w/r to Jupiter's equator Sun-Comet-Jupiter angle = 105 deg. (day side) perijove = 105,596 km = 1.53 Jupiter radii The following ephemeris can be used to locate prediscovery images of the comet during the 1992 opposition and Jupiter close approach. Ephemeris (with perturbations) for Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e) Orbit no. 24 from Yeomans & Chodas, 7/7/93 Date (UT) R.A. J2000 Dec. Delta r Theta Beta Moon TMag 1992 Jan 1 10 54.978 +05 41.77 5.000 5.518 117.1 9.1 73 13.7 1992 Jan 2 10 54.961 +05 42.04 4.986 5.517 118.1 9.0 86 13.6 1992 Jan 3 10 54.932 +05 42.40 4.971 5.517 119.1 9.0 98 13.6 1992 Jan 4 10 54.892 +05 42.82 4.957 5.517 120.2 8.9 110 13.6 1992 Jan 5 10 54.840 +05 43.33 4.943 5.516 121.2 8.8 122 13.6 1992 Jan 6 10 54.777 +05 43.91 4.928 5.516 122.2 8.7 133 13.6 1992 Jan 7 10 54.703 +05 44.56 4.915 5.516 123.3 8.6 145 13.6 1992 Jan 8 10 54.617 +05 45.29 4.901 5.515 124.3 8.5 157 13.6 1992 Jan 9 10 54.520 +05 46.09 4.887 5.515 125.4 8.4 169 13.6 1992 Jan 10 10 54.412 +05 46.97 4.874 5.515 126.4 8.3 176 13.6 1992 Jan 11 10 54.293 +05 47.93 4.861 5.514 127.5 8.1 166 13.6 1992 Jan 12 10 54.163 +05 48.95 4.848 5.514 128.5 8.0 154 13.6 1992 Jan 13 10 54.022 +05 50.05 4.835 5.514 129.6 7.9 142 13.6 1992 Jan 14 10 53.870 +05 51.23 4.822 5.513 130.6 7.8 129 13.6 1992 Jan 15 10 53.707 +05 52.47 4.810 5.513 131.7 7.7 115 13.6 1992 Jan 16 10 53.534 +05 53.79 4.797 5.513 132.8 7.5 101 13.6 1992 Jan 17 10 53.350 +05 55.18 4.785 5.512 133.8 7.4 87 13.6 1992 Jan 18 10 53.155 +05 56.64 4.773 5.512 134.9 7.3 72 13.5 1992 Jan 19 10 52.951 +05 58.16 4.762 5.512 136.0 7.1 57 13.5 1992 Jan 20 10 52.736 +05 59.76 4.750 5.511 137.1 7.0 41 13.5 1992 Jan 21 10 52.511 +06 01.43 4.739 5.511 138.1 6.8 26 13.5 1992 Jan 22 10 52.276 +06 03.16 4.728 5.511 139.2 6.7 11 13.5 1992 Jan 23 10 52.031 +06 04.96 4.717 5.510 140.3 6.5 5 13.5 1992 Jan 24 10 51.777 +06 06.82 4.707 5.510 141.4 6.4 19 13.5 1992 Jan 25 10 51.513 +06 08.75 4.696 5.510 142.5 6.2 33 13.5 1992 Jan 26 10 51.240 +06 10.75 4.686 5.509 143.6 6.1 46 13.5 1992 Jan 27 10 50.957 +06 12.80 4.676 5.509 144.7 5.9 59 13.5 1992 Jan 28 10 50.666 +06 14.92 4.667 5.509 145.8 5.8 72 13.5 1992 Jan 29 10 50.365 +06 17.10 4.657 5.508 146.9 5.6 84 13.5 1992 Jan 30 10 50.056 +06 19.34 4.648 5.508 148.0 5.4 96 13.5 1992 Jan 31 10 49.739 +06 21.64 4.639 5.508 149.1 5.3 108 13.5 1992 Feb 1 10 49.413 +06 24.00 4.631 5.507 150.2 5.1 120 13.5 1992 Feb 2 10 49.079 +06 26.41 4.622 5.507 151.3 4.9 132 13.5 1992 Feb 3 10 48.738 +06 28.87 4.614 5.507 152.4 4.8 144 13.5 1992 Feb 4 10 48.389 +06 31.39 4.607 5.506 153.5 4.6 156 13.5 1992 Feb 5 10 48.032 +06 33.95 4.599 5.506 154.6 4.4 167 13.5 1992 Feb 6 10 47.669 +06 36.57 4.592 5.506 155.7 4.2 176 13.5 1992 Feb 7 10 47.299 +06 39.23 4.585 5.505 156.8 4.0 167 13.5 1992 Feb 8 10 46.923 +06 41.94 4.578 5.505 158.0 3.9 155 13.5 1992 Feb 9 10 46.540 +06 44.69 4.572 5.505 159.1 3.7 143 13.4 1992 Feb 10 10 46.152 +06 47.48 4.566 5.504 160.2 3.5 130 13.4 1992 Feb 11 10 45.758 +06 50.32 4.560 5.504 161.3 3.3 117 13.4 1992 Feb 12 10 45.359 +06 53.19 4.554 5.504 162.4 3.1 104 13.4 1992 Feb 13 10 44.955 +06 56.09 4.549 5.503 163.6 2.9 90 13.4 1992 Feb 14 10 44.546 +06 59.03 4.544 5.503 164.7 2.7 76 13.4 1992 Feb 15 10 44.133 +07 02.00 4.540 5.502 165.8 2.5 61 13.4 1992 Feb 16 10 43.715 +07 05.00 4.535 5.502 166.9 2.3 46 13.4 1992 Feb 17 10 43.295 +07 08.03 4.531 5.502 168.0 2.1 31 13.4 1992 Feb 18 10 42.870 +07 11.09 4.528 5.501 169.2 1.9 16 13.4 1992 Feb 19 10 42.443 +07 14.17 4.524 5.501 170.3 1.7 4 13.4 1992 Feb 20 10 42.013 +07 17.27 4.521 5.501 171.4 1.5 15 13.4 1992 Feb 21 10 41.580 +07 20.39 4.518 5.500 172.5 1.3 30 13.4 1992 Feb 22 10 41.145 +07 23.54 4.516 5.500 173.7 1.1 44 13.4 1992 Feb 23 10 40.708 +07 26.69 4.514 5.500 174.8 .9 57 13.4 1992 Feb 24 10 40.269 +07 29.87 4.512 5.499 175.9 .7 70 13.4 1992 Feb 25 10 39.830 +07 33.05 4.510 5.499 177.0 .5 83 13.4 1992 Feb 26 10 39.389 +07 36.24 4.509 5.499 178.0 .4 96 13.4 1992 Feb 27 10 38.948 +07 39.45 4.508 5.498 179.0 .2 108 13.4 1992 Feb 28 10 38.507 +07 42.66 4.507 5.498 179.1 .2 120 13.4 1992 Feb 29 10 38.066 +07 45.87 4.507 5.497 178.2 .3 132 13.4 1992 Mar 1 10 37.625 +07 49.08 4.507 5.497 177.2 .5 144 13.4 1992 Mar 2 10 37.185 +07 52.29 4.507 5.497 176.1 .7 156 13.4 1992 Mar 3 10 36.746 +07 55.50 4.508 5.496 175.0 .9 167 13.4 1992 Mar 4 10 36.309 +07 58.71 4.509 5.496 173.9 1.1 176 13.4 1992 Mar 5 10 35.874 +08 01.90 4.510 5.496 172.7 1.3 167 13.4 1992 Mar 6 10 35.441 +08 05.09 4.512 5.495 171.6 1.5 155 13.4 1992 Mar 7 10 35.011 +08 08.26 4.514 5.495 170.5 1.7 142 13.4 1992 Mar 8 10 34.583 +08 11.42 4.516 5.494 169.4 1.9 130 13.4 1992 Mar 9 10 34.159 +08 14.57 4.518 5.494 168.3 2.1 117 13.4 1992 Mar 10 10 33.738 +08 17.70 4.521 5.494 167.2 2.3 104 13.4 1992 MarUpdated prediction of the orbit of comet 1993e and of the circumstances of the encounter with Jupiter by Don Yeomans and Paul Chodas. 7 July 1993 (posted 12 July 1993) _______________________________________________________________________________ Object: Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e) Ref. Solution: 24 Planetary Ephemeris: DE200 No. Observations: 143 Observation Arc: 1993 Mar 17 - 1993 Jun 26 ---- Residual Summary ---- RA Dec Total Mean .166 -.057 .175 RMS, unweighted 1.520 1.057 1.309 RMS, weighted 1.317 Normalized RMS 1.025 ---- Corrected Elements (J2000): Solution 24 Epoch 2449200.50000 = 1993 Aug 1.00000 Post-Fit Std.Dev. EC .0500851659263537 .0002890878 QR 5.0026719197841520 .0007827370 TP 2450773.1029436161 8.8911662335 1997 Nov 20.60294 OM 296.95313867841830 .0631280610 W 32.32031005923340 .6398825140 IN 1.11001278613011 .0003413994 ---- Elements at other epochs: Epoch (ET) EC QR TP OM W IN 2448682.5 1992 Mar 1.0 .15699919 5.45181744 2448924.593248 165.674960 12.885949 5.207086 1992 Oct 29.093248 2448988.5 1993 Jan 1.0 .15492636 4.00836262 2450848.745584 353.090849 6.171227 4.045706 1998 Feb 4.245584 2449166.5 1993 Jun 28.0 .06278420 4.85660305 2450870.477917 318.292401 22.326331 1.295158 1998 Feb 25.977917 2449480.5 1994 May 8.0 .20863827 5.38159933 2449442.223049 220.874823 355.095409 5.831137 1994 Mar 30.723049 2449655.5 1994 Oct 30.0 .22654687 3.45355339 2450981.605718 49.055721 336.080807 7.559737 1998 Jun 17.105718 If we now consider the Jovicentric frame, the following information applies: July 1994 Jupiter entry: Entry assumed at 69,700 km from Jupiter's center Time of entry = 1994 July 20.5 TDB Jupiter latitude = -45 deg. Rel. vel. = 60.0 km/s Eccen. = 0.9988 Orbital Incl. = 83 deg. w/r to Jupiter's equator Sun-Comet-Jupiter angle = 64 deg. (night side) perijove = 34,225 km = 0.49 Jupiter radii 1993 Apojove Time of apojove = 1993 July 14.0 TDB r = 49,497,661 km = 0.331 AU from Jupiter's center Eccen. = 0.993 Orbital Incl. = 55 deg. w/r to Jupiter's equator Sun-Comet-Jupiter angle = 90 deg. perijove = 163,819 km 1992 Perijove Time of perijove = 1992 July 7.9 TDB Jupiter latitude = 44 deg. Rel. vel. = 49 km/s Eccen. = 0.996 Orbital Incl. = 66 deg. w/r to Jupiter's equator Sun-Comet-Jupiter angle = 105 deg. (day side) perijove = 105,596 km = 1.53 Jupiter radii Filters for Jupiter It seems likely that many people will be buying interference filters for the atmospheric absorption features of Jupiter - either to study changes in those features or just to pick a bandpass where Jupiter is dark in order to better see satellites and dust around Jupiter. At the LPL workshop on S-L 9 at Jupiter, John Spencer of Lowell Observatory offered to coordinate a bulk purchase in ordr to achieve the substantial price reduction normally available when custom interference filters are bought in quantities greater than a few. John's interest is in methane filters - both optical and near IR - to make Jupiter dark. Anyone interested in a group purchase should contact John directly. Email: spencer@lowell.edu MA, 93 Aug 24 Funding for studies of the collision of Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter will be available to US investigators. The Planetary Astronomy program at NASA expects to issue a special NRA to fund observational programs for the comet and Jupiter. Updated goal is to provide approximately $750k spread over 10-15 PIs. Proposals will probably be due in early fall. The NRA will be mailed to the usual NASA-maintaineed mailing list. Copies of the NRA and further details will be available from Jrgen Rahe (202-358-0288 or jrahe@nasamail.nasa.gov). NSF is prepared to accept, at this time, proposals for both observations and theoretical modeling related to this event. NSF will coordinate with NASA on review of proposals. If you would like to submit a proposal to NSF, or if you want to submit to both agencies, or are unsure of which agency you should submit a proposal to, please contact either Morris Aizenman (maizenma@nsf.gov) (202-357-7643) or Vernon Pankonin (vpankoni@nsf.gov) (202-357-7620). The FAX number for the Division of Astronomical Sciences at NSF is 202-357-9770. A Dear Colleague letter, from NSF to the community, is in a separate file in this directory. Observers using visitor facilities operated by the Astrophysics Division of NASA (HST, IUE, EUVE, etc.) will be funded through the relevant guest investigator program. MA, 93.07.22 ==================================================================== Future workshops regarding the great crash of 1994 At Lunar & Planetary Lab, UAz, August 23-4 contact Jay Melosh In Japan: to be organized probably in September 1993 bu Junichi Watanabe contact Hiroshi Kinoshita Kinoshita@c1.mtk.nao.ac.jp At ESO-Garching bei Mnchen: late September 1994 contact Olivier Hainaut ohainaut@eso.org At DPS meeting: see separate notice At University of Maryland, 1994 January 10-12 contact Mike A'Hearn Preliminary request for comments, suggestions and advice: CRAAE-ITAPETINGA PROPOSED CONTRIBUTION TO COMET SCHOEMAKER-LEVY 9/JUPITER IMPACT MONITORING AT A MM-WAVELENGTH We are proposing to perform a specific experimental effort by observing in the direction of Jupiter continuously at a mm-wavelength ( most likely at 48 GHz, or 6.25 mm ), using the 13.7-m Itapetinga radio telescope, which produces a beamwidth of a bout 2 arcmin at this wavelength. The proposed run is being considered for several days before the impact date, during it and continuing for several days after the event. Observations should be frequent, careful and well calibrated. The weather for 48 GHz observations is particularly favourable in the south of Brazil, at Itapetinga location. The Itapetinga Radio Observatory is run by CRAAE, which is a kind of consortium formed by agreement between the Universities of S.Paulo(USP), Campinas(UNICAMP), Mackenzie, and the space institute INPE. At the moment we really don't know exactly what to expect from such observations. An actual rise in the planet's overall brightness temperature is very unlikely to be detectable. Effects on the planet's satellites or on its magnetospheric activity. might not be measurable at such a short wavelength. The proposed experiment, however, still might rise interest as for establishing upper limits for detection. This is a preliminary proposal for collaboration intended to stimulate comments, suggestions and advice from the organizers. Pierre Kaufmann ( e-mail kaufmann@fox.cce.usp.br ) (Executive Director of CRAAE; Professor at USP and UNICAMP) A postdoctoral position is available associated with studies of the impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter. The position will involve observations and modelling relevant to the events and will also involve assistance in organization of observing campaigns and production of a CD ROM archive of data obtained about the event. Required qualifications include a Ph.D. and research experience relevant to Jupiter or comets or impacts. Experience in archiving data is valuable but not essential. Applications received by October 25 will be given full consideration. Starting date is no later than January 1994 and preferably earlier. Send a letter of application with a curriculum vitae, a brief statement of research interests and plans, and the names of three professional references. Applications received by 25 October will be given full consideration. EOE/AAE Michael F. A'Hearn Department of Astronomy University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742-2421 Jupiter in July 1992 Glenn Orton's IJW Atmospheres Newsletter included a request for information on observations of Jupiter in July 1992 when one might expect to have seen fine material, released in the breakup of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, deposited in the magnetosphere or the aurora or the atmosphere. Following are some negative reports which were sent to Glenn in reponse to this inquiry. ******************** John Rogers reports that a series of 13 photographs, at moderate to low resolution, by Miyazaki show no notable changes from the previous situation. Renee Prange reports that Phillipe Zarka of Meudon finds nothing remarkable in the decametric data from Nancay on July 7-8-9, nor anything in the Ulysses records. ********************* Tim Livengood notes that estimates of the plasma residence time in the torus vary from two weeks to several months. He therefore suggests that the search for decametric variations should look for effects on this timescale, not effects on a 2-day timescale. MA, 93 Aug 9 >From the IJW/Io newsletter of Aug. 17: SHOEMAKER-LEVY 9 IMPACT WITH JUPITER ... The comet will approach Jupiter over the south pole and will thus not pass close to any of the major satellites... However, because the impact will be hidden from direct view from Earth, the only hope for ground-based observations of the impact itself is to look at its reflection on the satellites, so satellite photometric (and spectroscopic?) expertise in this discipline may be very useful. Kevin Zahnle estimates that reflected light from the bolide produced by atmospheric entry of a 5-km comet nucleus, and the subsequent fireball, might increase the total brightness of Io in sunlight in the visible by about 10% for several seconds. Current best estimates of the sizes of the comet are nuclei are closer to 1 km, but it will still be well worth doing satellite photometry, especially if we are lucky enough to have a satellite in Jupiter eclipse at the time of an impact. Current predictions of the impact times of individual nuclei are still uncertain by several days so it's too early to say what satellites might be suitably placed. However, to assist in advance planning, satellites will be directly behind Jupiter at the following times (and will be visible in Jupiter eclipse a few hours later): Io Europa Ganymede Day Hour Day Hour Day Hour ----------- ----------- ----------- 7/16 21.7 7/19 8.3 7/22 11.3 7/18 16.2 7/22 21.6 7/20 10.7 7/22 5.2 7/23 23.6 7/25 18.1 Callisto reaches eastern elongation on July 19th, but in any case is likely to be too far off to be useful. For those with large telescopes Amalthea may also be a feasible reflector, but I don't have an Amalthea ephemeris for 1994 yet... -------------------------------------------------------------------- The following list gives the time at which each of the 4 inner plus Galilean satellites reaches superior conjunction in the period July 18.0 - 24.0, 1994. The Galilean times are approximate, as they neglect the eccentricities and resonant librations (+/- 10 min). The times for Metis and Adrastea are based on the elements given by Nicholson & Matthews [1991] (Icarus 93, 331), and those for Thebe on the elements of Synnott [1984] (Icarus 58, 178) plus additional unpublished observations by Matthews & Nicholson in Feb 1993. The Amalthea elements are from Jay Lieske at JPL. Eclipses will occur up to 5 hours later, due to the phase angle of 10.7 degrees. The undersigned can provide detailed ephemerides for the 4 small satellites for specified intervals, on request via Email. Phil Nicholson, Cornell (nicholson@astrosun.tn.cornell.edu) 1 Sept. 1993 July 1994: JD (mean) = 244 9554.500 B = -2.97896 P = 20.72906 U = -143.53277 Delta = 5.1927 OWLT = 0.7198 hrs. List of UT times for superior conjunction. ------------------------------------------------------------ Metis conjunction at 244 9551.777 = July 18 6.64 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9552.072 = July 18 13.72 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9552.366 = July 18 20.79 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9552.661 = July 19 3.87 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9552.956 = July 19 10.94 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9553.251 = July 19 18.02 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9553.545 = July 20 1.09 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9553.840 = July 20 8.17 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9554.135 = July 20 15.24 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9554.430 = July 20 22.32 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9554.725 = July 21 5.39 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9555.019 = July 21 12.47 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9555.314 = July 21 19.54 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9555.609 = July 22 2.62 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9555.904 = July 22 9.69 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9556.199 = July 22 16.77 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9556.493 = July 22 23.84 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9556.788 = July 23 6.92 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9557.083 = July 23 13.99 hr Metis conjunction at 244 9557.378 = July 23 21.07 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9551.758 = July 18 6.18 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9552.056 = July 18 13.34 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9552.354 = July 18 20.50 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9552.652 = July 19 3.66 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9552.951 = July 19 10.82 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9553.249 = July 19 17.97 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9553.547 = July 20 1.13 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9553.845 = July 20 8.29 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9554.144 = July 20 15.45 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9554.442 = July 20 22.61 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9554.740 = July 21 5.77 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9555.039 = July 21 12.93 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9555.337 = July 21 20.08 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9555.635 = July 22 3.24 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9555.933 = July 22 10.40 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9556.232 = July 22 17.56 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9556.530 = July 23 0.72 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9556.828 = July 23 7.88 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9557.126 = July 23 15.04 hr Adrastea conjunction at 244 9557.425 = July 23 22.19 hr Amalthea conjunction at 244 9551.542 = July 18 1.01 hr Amalthea conjunction at 244 9552.040 = July 18 12.96 hr Amalthea conjunction at 244 9552.538 = July 19 0.92 hr Amalthea conjunction at 244 9553.037 = July 19 12.88 hr Amalthea conjunction at 244 9553.535 = July 20 0.84 hr Amalthea conjunction at 244 9554.033 = July 20 12.79 hr Amalthea conjunction at 244 9554.531 = July 21 0.75 hr Amalthea conjunction at 244 9555.029 = July 21 12.71 hr Amalthea conjunction at 244 9555.528 = July 22 0.66 hr Amalthea conjunction at 244 9556.026 = July 22 12.62 hr Amalthea conjunction at 244 9556.524 = July 23 0.58 hr Amalthea conjunction at 244 9557.022 = July 23 12.54 hr Thebe conjunction at 244 9551.826 = July 18 7.82 hr Thebe conjunction at 244 9552.501 = July 19 0.02 hr Thebe conjunction at 244 9553.175 = July 19 16.21 hr Thebe conjunction at 244 9553.850 = July 20 8.40 hr Thebe conjunction at 244 9554.524 = July 21 0.59 hr Thebe conjunction at 244 9555.199 = July 21 16.78 hr Thebe conjunction at 244 9555.874 = July 22 8.97 hr Thebe conjunction at 244 9556.548 = July 23 1.16 hr Thebe conjunction at 244 9557.223 = July 23 17.35 hr Io conjunction at 244 9552.179 = July 18 16.30 hr Io conjunction at 244 9553.949 = July 20 10.77 hr Io conjunction at 244 9555.719 = July 22 5.25 hr Io conjunction at 244 9557.488 = July 23 23.72 hr Europa conjunction at 244 9552.841 = July 19 8.19 hr Europa conjunction at 244 9556.395 = July 22 21.47 hr Ganymede conjunction at 244 9555.972 = July 22 11.32 hr ------------------------------------------------------------ NOT FOR CITATION/QUOTATION - FOR PLANNING PURPOSES ONLY Zdenek Sekanina: manuscript submitted to Science, June 1993 work may be cited after it appears in Science Based on the tidal fission model of Aggarwal and Oberbeck (1974 ApJ 191, 577), he finds that, if breakup occurred near closest approach to Jupiter on 8 July 1992, the range of masses (or sizes) of the fragments can be used to estimate the tensile strength and original size. He predicts that fragments with radii as small as 2-3km will develop cracks in the interior before atmospheric entry. Calculations of ablation and of deformation according to models based on studies of meteors, indicate that the terminal altitude may be anywhere from 50 km below to several hundred km above the 1-bar pressure level depending on the degree of nonrigidity of the nuclei and depending on whether the trajectory is nearly radial or nearly tangential at entry. For the best current estimates of the orbit (perijove near 0.5R_J) and the sizes of the largest fragments (of order 1e16 g), terminal height will be near the 1-bar level and have peak energy dissipation rates of order 1e29 erg/sec. At 1% luminous efficiency, this corresponds to a visual magnitude of -10. Since the event occurs on the back side of Jupiter (reasonably certain), it is difficult to estimate how much will be visible above the limb, but secondary effects (such as the comet's dust suspended in the jovian atmosphere and a brief, flash-like illumination of the jovian satellites that are above the horizon) are likely to be detectable. MA, 28Jun93 P/SHOEMAKER-LEVY 9 COLLISION: Comments excerpted from a JPL memo circulated by Don Yeomans and Paul Chodas: "The Collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in July 1994" ...THE VIEWS FROM EARTH, GALILEO, MO, AND VOYAGER ...As seen from the Earth, the central portion of the fragment stream will collide with Jupiter on about July 21, 1994, at a Jovian latitude of -37 degrees, some 39 degrees behind Jupiter's morning terminator. At the same time, the Galileo spacecraft should be directly in front of Jupiter and hence will have a better view of the impact events than will be possible from the earth. As seen by the Galieo spacecraft, the impact events should be directly obserable very close to the limb of Jupiter. Because of the orbital uncertainties for the individual fragments, the positions of the inner satellites of Jupiter cannot yet be predicted for the times of impact. At the time of the predicted impacts, Mars and the Mars Observer spacecraft will be on the opposite side of the sun from Jupiter so that observation susing the Mars Observer camera will be impossible. According to computations by David Seal (JPL), the entire image of Jupiter as seen from the Voyager 1 and 2 cameras would only be aobut two pixels across. Voyager 2 would offer a direct view of the nominal impact point nearly centered on the night side while the Voyager 1 camera would offer a view of the nominal impact point near the planet's night side limb. FUTURE WORK In an effort to predict the times of individual collisions for the cometary fragments, future efforts wil be made to compute separate orbits for the major cometary pieces. Only after these separate orbits are computed can anything quantitative be said with regard to predicting the gragment impact times, impact latitudes and whether or not some fragments might possibly strike the side of Jupiter facing the Earth. Because Jupiter and its attendant comet will soon enter into solar conjunction, the orbital information presented here for the central point of the cometary trail is not likely to pmprove significantly until Juipter and the comet emerge from the solar glare in late December 1993. In the mean time, we plan to conduct numerical experiments to investigate the collision (or non collision) circumstatnces in July of 1994 for various fragment separation velocities during the July 1992 Jupiter close approach. We also hope to receive astrometric data on the individual fragments to compute their separate orbits. Processing these data, and similar data that will be forthcoming early in 1994, offer the best opportunity for accurate predictions of the multiple impact times and circumstances in July 1994. NOT FOR QUOTATION OR REFERENCE IN ARTICLES _ FOR PLANNING PURPOSES ONLY The following is a summary of "Tidal Breakup and Dispersion of P/Shoemaker-Levy 9: Estimate of Progenitor Size", submitted to Nature, by J.V. Scotti and H.J. Melosh (LPL, U. of Az). We use a simple tidal breakup model to reproduce the observed fragment chain length and position angle on the sky. We also find that the fragment chain length is directly proportional to the size of the parent object, which appears to have been only about 2 kilometers in diameter. We assume that the initial tensional fracture occurs along planes peripendicular to the axis of maximum tension which is along a line connecting the centers of the comet and Jupiter. Subsequent to the fracture we assume that the fragments travel independently of one another (we neglect mutual gravity). The orbits of the extreme members of the train are constructed by adding and subtracting a radius of the object r_{comet} to (or from) the distance of the parent object's center from Jupiter at the time of closest approach. The subsequent dispersion is entirely due to their slightly different starting points during closest approach. We find that r_{comet} = 0.815 km and that the actual parent comet would have been larger by the mean diameter of the fragments at the ends of the train. We use CCD observations using the Spacewatch Telescope on Kitt Peak to estimate the length and orientation of the nuclear train. The train is not oriented along the orbit and the nuclear train is a nearly straight line oriented at a large angle to the orbital direction. Table I shows the length and position angle of the nuclear train and estimates of the length and orientation of the nuclear train using the simple tidal breakup model using a fragment separation (end to end) of 1.63 km. We compute some constraints on the physical nature of the progenitor by estimating the tidal stress acting on the body at its closest passage to Jupiter. The closest approach distance was 1.57 R_J, yielding a stress of about 4.5e-4 * r_{comet}^2 bars, where r_{comet} is in kilometers. This suggests that the parent nucleus must have had negligible strength. Assumming equal volumes of 20 fragments and a 2.0 kilometer diameter for the progenitor, the mean fragment diameter is 0.74 km. Table II gives predictions for the length and orientation of the nuclear train during 1994. Using the best fit separation for the parent nucleus, we find that the fragments will all strike Jupiter and that the impacts will be spread over an interval of 5.6 days centered on about 1994 July 21.0. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Table I - Length and orientation of the train. l_o is the observed nuclear train length in arcseconds. l_p is the predicted length of the nuclear train in arcseconds assumming a fragment separation of 1.63 km. theta_o is the observed position angle of the nuclear train in degrees. theta_p is the predicted position angle of the nuclear train. theta_\nu is the position angle of the orbit plane. Date l_o l_p theta_o theta_p theta_\nu 1993 March 26.3 49 50 76.0 77.5 115.6 1993 March 28.3 53 51 76.0 77.5 115.6 1993 March 30.3 51 52 76.6 77.5 115.5 1993 April 20.3 54 57 77.3 77.0 115.3 1993 May 17.2 61 62 74.7 76.5 115.0 1993 May 27.2 68 64 75.3 76.4 114.9 1993 June 26.2 69 68 75.5 76.0 114.7 ----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- Table II - Predicted length and orientation of the train in 1994. l is the predicted length of the nuclear train in arcminutes. theta is the predicted position angle of the nuclear train. Date l theta 1993 Dec 19 2.06 66 1994 Jan 8 2.33 65 1994 Jan 28 2.66 63 1994 Feb 17 3.08 62 1994 Mar 9 3.62 62 1994 Mar 29 4.24 62 1994 Apr 18 4.93 63 1994 May 8 5.69 64 1994 May 28 6.57 64 1994 Jun 17 7.79 64 1994 Jul 7 10.61 63 ----------------------------------------------------------------- Paul Chodas has taken the model of Scotti and Melosh (see abstract previously posted) as the basis for more detailed calculations of the geometry of the impacts. He confirms their result that the impacts are spread over a period of 5.6 days and, using a slightly improved orbit relative to that used by Scotti and Melosh for the 1992 encounter, finds the diameter of the parent body to be 1.82 km, only marginally different from the result of Scotti and Melosh. The following table gives results for the 'first' impact (that associated with the leading end of the train), the 'center' (associated with the center of light of the train), and the 'last' impact (associated with the trailing end of the train). The Jovian coordinates are planetographic, not planetocentric. The local solar time of the impact is the complement of the angle the impact point must rotate to reach the morning terminator. Since the morning terminator is visible from Earth, this is the time at which the affected area can be observed in reflected light. Thermal emission is observable (at least in principle) approximately ten degrees of rotation (approx 15 minutes) earlier, when the affected area reaches the limb of the planet as seen from Earth. First Center Last Date (1994) July 18.41 July 21.21 July 24.01 Jupiter Latitude (deg) -41.1 -43.9 -46.7 Local Solar Time (deg) 34.1 35.2 36.6 Sun-Comet-Jupiter (deg) 51.3 53.9 56.6 Earth-Jupiter-Comet (deg) 122.2 119.8 117.4 Since the angle Earth-Jupiter-Comet is larger than 90 degrees, all impacts are on the far side of the planet as seen from Earth. For a rotation period of 9.84 hours, the impact points reach the terminator 1.53 hrs, 1.50 hrs, and 1.46 hrs respectively after the time of impact. MA, 93 Sep 4 The following is a summary by M. A'Hearn. NOT FOR QUOTATION UNTIL PUBLISHED - FOR PLANNING PURPOSES ONLY Zahnle, Mac Low, and Chyba have submitted a paper to Nature predicting the entry phenomena. They use a very different approach than Sekanina, including a numerical hydrocode. They predict bolide phenomena, dominated by ablation, at high altitudes as does Sekanina, and they predict breakup fairly high. They predict, however, that a large fraction of the body will remain as a fluid body to much deeper in the atmosphere, with the ablation limited by the temperature of the shock wave. Final disintegration results in a fireball which blows out the top of the atmosphere. Further details to be abstracted by Zahnle. astro>